Production Networks and Industrial Clusters: Integrating Economies in Southeast Asia

List of Tables

vii List of Tables 1.1 Growth of Merchandise Trade Exports 4 1.2 Inflow of FDI 6 2.1 Policy Matrix for Two-dimensional Fragmentation 49 3.1 Import of Intermediate Goods, Capital Goods and Consumption Goods 57 3.2 Grubel-Lloyd Index 59 3.3 Grubel-Lloyd Index (Intermediate Goods)* 59 3.4 (a) Local Content (1990) 62 3.4 (b) Local Content (2000) 63 3.5 Changes in Local Content 1990–2000* 64 3.6 (a) Local and Import Content (1990): Electronics Sector 65 3.6 (b) Local and Import Content (2000): Electronics Sector 65 3.7 (a) Local and Import Content (1990): Automotive Sector 68 3.7 (b) Local and Import Content (2000): Automotive Sector 69 4.1 Local and Non-local Dimensions of Regional Development 92 4.2 Three Models of Industrial Clusters and External Economies 101 4.3 Economic Statistics on Growth Regions in Malaysia and Thailand 107 5.1 Variables, Proxies and Measurement Formulas, Electronics Firms, Indonesia and Malaysia, 2004 137 5.2 Technological Intensities, Electronics Firms, Indonesia and Malaysia, 2005 138 5.3 Breakdown of Sampled Data, Electronics Firms, Malaysia and Indonesia, 2001 139 viii 5.4 Two-tailed Tests of Basic Infrastructure, Electronics Firms, Malaysia and Indonesia, 2001 140 5.5 Two-tailed Tests of High-tech Infrastructure, Electronics Firms, Malaysia and Indonesia, 2001 143 5.6 Two-tailed Tests of Systemic Networks, Electronic Firms, Malaysia and Indonesia, 2001 144 5.7 Technological Capabilities of Electronics Firms, Malaysia and Indonesia, 2001 (Incidence) 149 5.8 Two-tailed Tests of Skills and Technological Intensities, and Wages, Electronics Firms, Malaysia and Indonesia, 2001 151 6.1 Singapore’s Economic Performance: 1965–2005 159 6.2 Average Shares of Output of Various Industrial Sectors 184 6.3 Average Shares of Exports of Various Industrial Sectors 185 7.1 Production Network Organizational Scale 200 7.2 Exports of Automobiles Between 1997 and 2005 (Classified by Assemblers) 212 7.3 Production Capacity and Export of Major Assemblers in Thailand 212 7.4 Thailand’s Import of Motor Cars, Parts and Accessories 217 7.5 Thailand’s Export of Motor Cars, Parts and Accessories 218 7.6 Some Salient Characteristics of Automotive Production Networks in the Eastern Seaboard Area 225 7.7 Benefits from the Production Networks for the Auto Parts Firms 227 7.8 Sectoral Share of GRP by Regions 233 7.9 Value Added Share of Non-Agricultural Sector GRP by Regions 234 7.10 Value Added Share of Manufacturing Sector GRP by Regions 235 7.11 Investors’ Privileges in Accordance with BOI and Industrial Estates Authority of Thailand (IEAT) for Location in Three General Industrial Zones 239 7.12 Year of Establishment of Assemblers and Location 240 7.13 Numbers of Automotive Companies in Thailand in 1999 241 7.14 Location of Major Japanese Parts–suppliers in Thailand 242 viii List of Tables ix 7.15 Number of Factories In and Outside IEs by Regions 243 7.16 Number of Factories in Fourteen Provinces by IEs 244 7.17 Factors Affecting Choice of Location and Benefits from Being in the IEs 249 8.1 Supply Chain Activities 263 8.2 Total Trade (U.S.$ billion at current prices), 1980–2005 268 8.3 ASEAN Trade, 2004 269 8.4 ASEAN 6 and China: Top Ten Commodities Traded 296 8.5 ASEAN 6 and Japan: Top 10 Commodities Traded 296 8.6 ASEAN 6 and Korea: Top 10 Commodities Traded 297 List of Tables ix ...