The Closing of the Frontier: A History of the Marine Fisheries of Southeast Asia, c.1850-2000

Explanatory Notes

© 2004 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore Explanatory Notes Weights and measures All weights and measures are expressed in metric units except when they appear in other units in a law, treaty, or other legal document. There are frequent references to the tonnage of fishing vessels but the sources sometimes do not indicate the meaning of the “ton” being used. In a few cases the tonnage may refer to “displacement tons”, specifically the weight of the water the vessel displaces, but in most cases it probably refers to the internal capacity of the vessel. The terms “gross tons” (GT) and “gross registered tons” (GRT) both refer to the internal capacity.The former measurement includes enclosed areas above the top deck, while the latter does not. Thus, the GT of a particular vessel is greater than the GRT for the same vessel. Currency The dollar ($) refers to the United States dollar. For the period 18501990 Asian currencies have been converted into U.S. dollars according to the table in Pierre van der Eng, The Silver Standard and Asia’s Integration into the World Economy, 1850–1914, Working Papers in Economic History, no. 175, Australian National University, 1993. Exchange rates (in the form of annual average market rates) for dates after 1990 are taken from the International Financial Statistics Yearbook (Washington: International Monetary Fund, 2001). Monetary values have not been adjusted for inflation. © 2004 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore Explanatory Notes xxi Numbers Except in a few cases where greater precision is both available and usefully retained numbers giving weights and measures, monetary amounts, sizes of fishing fleets, and populations are expressed in two significant figures. Names of marine animals Marine animals are generally identified by their English common names but the valid scientific names are also given whenever possible. Many animals are referred to at least once by their names in relevant Southeast Asian languages as well. My reference for both common and scientific names of finfish is R. Froese and D. Pauly, eds, FishBase , cited simply as FishBase. I have, however, departed from FishBase in order to distinguish mackerels of the genus Rastrelliger from those of the genus Scomberomorus, since my older sources use terms in Southeast Asian languages that correspond with this distinction but do not make it possible to identify the species, each of which FishBase of course gives a unique common name. I therefore refer to Rastrelliger species as Indian mackerel (the name of one of the species in this genus) and Scomberomorus species as Spanish mackerel (again, the name of one species). Glossary The glossary contains brief descriptions of fishing gears, species of marine animals (with cross references linking English common with scientific names and names in Southeast Asian languages), marine animal products, terms used in fisheries science, and a few other terms relevant to this history. Bibliography and endnotes The bibliography does not include archival sources, newspaper reports, or books and articles that are not primarily related to fisheries. Full citations for all these sources are given in the endnotes. The following abbreviations have been used in the endnotes: © 2004 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore FEER Far Eastern Economic Review JIA&EA Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia NAM National Archives of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur “Reuters”, “Dow Jones Interactive”, and “Factiva” are the names of online news services used in this research. Notes and sources for maps and figures In order to save space on the maps and figures I have placed explanatory notes and citations in a separate section near the end of this volume. Explanatory Notes xxii ...