Islamic Perspectives on the New Millennium

Glossary

253 Glossary 253 GLOSSARY ahl al-sunnah wa al-jama’a Sunni Muslims al-Hijrah the migration (or flight) of the Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, the year which Muslims recognize as the beginning of the Muslim era, signified by the letters AH (anno hijrah) al-jama‘a the community al-Qur’an the divinely revealed scripture of Islam which provides a complete religious, moral and ethical system for Mankind ’amal practice, action ’aql intelligence, reason, rationality Ar-Rahim in relation to Mankind, God the Giver of Compassion Ar-Rahman God, the Compassionate One Asharite followers of al-Ash‘ari, 9th century founder of Islamic scholasticism known as kalam, which he developed in opposition to the Mu’tazilites (see below) and in which he was supported by the Shafi’ites (see below) — “conservative” in method bay’ contract of sale CE Common Era (of dating) dakwah Islamic outreach Glossary 254 DPR Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (People’s Representative Assembly) FIBE Faisal Islamic Bank of Egypt fiqhi, fiqh of law; legal prescriptions fatwa (plural: fatawa) opinion given by an ulama (see below) in response to a question concerning a matter of law or doctrine G-7 Group of Seven (Canada, France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, the USA), the world’s seven leading industrialized democracies GOLKAR Golongan Karya (Functional Groups), the ruling political party under President Soeharto Hadith saying or act of the Prophet as witnessed by a contemporary and passed on by transmitted accounts which are a source of Islamic law halal permissible haram forbidden IAIN Institut Agama Islam Negri (State Institute for Islamic Studies) ibadat prescribed religious duties which are not to be varied in any way ICMI Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia (Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals’ Association) ijara (Arabic: ijra’ ) legal enforcement ijma’ consensus of juristic reasoning/opinion ijtihad the “effort”, or “struggle” of using scholarly reasoning to interpret the sources of Islam ikhtilaf differing interpretations of Islamic sources iman faith, religious belief intifadah uprising istihsan the method of legal reasoning which allows deviation from one ruling to a more relevant position (juristic preference) istisna’ exception jabariya the doctrine that Man’s acts are predestined 255 Glossary jama’ah community, gathering JIB Jordan Islamic Bank jihad to exert every effort to live according to God’s ways including opposing His enemies kadi judge khilafat /khulafa Caliphate: union of the Muslim world under one ruler who will fulfil God’s Will KISDI Komite Indonesia untuk Solidaritas Dunia Islam (Indonesian Committee for Islamic World’s Solidarity) KKN korupsi, kolusi, nepotisme (corruption, collusion, nepotism) madhhab “school” of Islamic law mahram intermediaries MPR Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (People’s Consultative Assembly) mu’amalat social relationships, conduct can vary unlike the practices of ibadat (see above) mudharabah contracts based on profit and loss sharing mujtahid experts qualified to make independent legal and religious judgements murabaha a contract of sale in which the bank buys on behalf of a client but retains an interest musharakat joint venture contract MUI Majelis Ulama Indonesia (the Indonesian Council of Ulama) murtad an apostate mutakallim theologians, scholastics mutashabihat a legal issue requiring further study Mu’tazilite group of 8th century Muslim thinkers who developed speculative dogmatics based on a strictly grammatical interpretation of the Qur’an (see also Asharite above) NGOs non-governmental organizations Glossary 256 NU Nahdlatul Ulama (“Renaissance of the Ulama”), largest Islamic social movement in Indonesia, founded in 1926 PAN Partai Amanat Nasional (National Mandate Party) Pancasila the Five Basic Principles of the Republic of Indonesia pbuh peace be upon him (epithet used after the name of the Prophet Muhammad) PDI Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (Indonesia Democratic Party) PDI-P Partai Demokrasi Indonesia-Perjuangan (Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle), under the leadership of Megawati Soekarnoputri it surpassed its predecessor, the PDI Persis Persatuan Islam Piagam Jakarta Jakarta Charter; a document prepared in June 1945 stating that the Republic of Indonesia would be based upon belief in the One God with the obligation for Muslims to follow shari’a. In the Constitution adopted as official in August 1945 the reference to following shari’a was dropped. PKB Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (National Awakening Party) PLS profit and loss sharing PPP Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (United Development Party) Q. common abbreviation for Qur’an Qadariyah theological school in early Islam asserting Man’s free will qadli judge; see also kadi riba “increase”, now usury, unjustified Reformasi “Reform” referring to the movement against the regime of former President Soeharto which [3...