Ethnic Relations and Nation-Building in Southeast Asia

5. Differing Perspectives on Integration and Nation- Building in Malaysia

Lee Kam Hing 82 ฀฀฀Chapter฀5 Differing Perspectives on Integration and NationBuilding in Malaysia LEE KAM HING As Dato Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad moves on to his final year as Prime Minister of Malaysia, a theme he has now come to express more regularly is that of nation-building and the need for greater integration of the ethnic groups. Responding to a question from an Indian journalist during his official visit to New Delhi on 17 October 2002, Dato Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad considered forging closer race relations in Malaysia as his most important achievement as Prime Minister.1 Yet he also expressed concern at the growing racial polarization among the younger generation. On 13 August 2002, when opening the new Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, he noted that young Malaysians were not mixing well. At schools and in universities the different races kept to their own groups, and he expressed disappointment that the warm inter-ethnic interaction he experienced while at the university is less in evidence today.2 On 13 October, he noted that “the Chinese only want to go to Chinese schools, Indians prefer Tamil schools and Malays want to send their children to religious schools”.3 Reproduced฀from฀Ethnic Relations and Nation-Building in Southeast Asia: The Case of the Ethnic Chinese, edited฀by฀Leo฀Suryadinata฀(Singapore:฀Institute฀of฀Southeast฀Asian฀Studies,฀2004).฀This฀ version฀was฀obtained฀electronically฀direct฀from฀the฀publisher฀on฀condition฀that฀copyright฀is฀not฀ infringed.฀No฀part฀of฀this฀publication฀may฀be฀reproduced฀without฀the฀prior฀permission฀of฀the฀Institute฀of฀ Southeast฀Asian฀Studies.฀Individual฀articles฀are฀available฀at฀©฀2004฀Institute฀of฀Southeast฀Asian฀Studies,฀Singapore 83 5: Differing Perspectives on Integration and Nation-Building in Malaysia© 2004 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore Dr Mahathir’s worry about ethnic polarization appears supported by recent media and university surveys on ethnic relations in schools and universities. 4 A study carried out on ethnic relations in all the states by a Universiti Kebangssan Malaysia team commissioned by the National Unity Board highlighted this polarization trend.The data from the survey offer few explanations as to why there has been increased polarization. There were, interestingly, state variations in the findings. Some observers of the Malaysian situation suggested that ethnic polarization has to do with unevenness in economic development. And there are also those who questioned the use of ethnicity as a criterion in policy formulation to redress economic and educational imbalances and contend that this reinforces existing ethnic sentiments and sharpen divisions within society. Furthermore, recent religious resurgence among the different groups has added to this sense of separateness of the various communities. Government leaders were naturally concerned with the findings of such surveys. Several initiatives have in recent months been made to check this drift towards ethnic polarization. In the second National Economic Consultative Council that met in 2000 to prepare a prospective ten-year development plan, a panel was formed to draw up policies on national unity. There have since been calls from political leaders for the ending of state-based societies at universities that are predominantly of one ethnic group and, instead, the setting up of unity clubs.The sharing of hostel rooms by students from different ethnic background was also proposed.There have been government moves to bring together national schools and the national type within one compound schools under its Vision School plan so that through sharing of facilities there would be greater mixing. More recently, there was a proposal for compulsory national service in which the stated agenda was the integration of the races and inculcation of patriotism. It is significant that the theme of national unity and nation-building has been given such attention by Dr Mahathir. With more of a reputation once as a Malay nationalist, he now sees as his legacy the attainment of a united Malaysian nation, one with a sense of common and shared destiny. He has offered a vision of a Malaysian nation. Malaysia must be, according to him, a country that is “ethnically integrated, living in harmony with full and fair partnership, made up of one Bangsa Malaysia, Lee Kam Hing 84© 2004 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore with political loyalty and dedication to the nation”. In 1991 when outlining the nine challenges that Malaysia has to overcome to achieve developed nation status by the year 2020 he referred again to a Bangsa Malaysia. Mahathir urged the people to...