GLOSSARY abjad Arabic alphabet adat custom Anno Hegirae year of Prophet Muhammad’s departure from Mecca to Medina which marked the commencement of the Muslim calendar Anno Javanico Javanese calendar year Basmallah In the name of God Benggala the old Bengal presidency budi qualities of mind and heart especially based on kindness to others; budi also implies graciousness , prudence and discretion daulat the divine element in kingship daur chronological cycle fiqh the dogmatic theology of Muslims hikayat narrative prose romance; history huruf letter (of the alphabet) Jawi Malay script using the Arabic alphabet kepala surat headings on Malay letters which always carried Quranic phrases in Arabic kerajaan government, state or domain of a raja; also the condition of having a raja kitab tarasul manuals on Malay letter-writing lebai title for one who shows religious inclination likur a numeral suffix that adds twenty to its numeral; e.g. dua likur means twenty-two maha mulia eminently magnificent; sublime makhdum title usually given to men of religious learning to mean ‘Master’ marhum the deceased, the late nakhoda ship-master xviii negeri city, town; a country; province; district orang kaya nobleman associated with the position of Warden of the Coast; in Perak he ruled the estuary paduka a form of address for a sultan; an affectionate epithet; beloved; dear panembahan one to whom homage is paid; ruler or sovereign pangeran prince, noble pangeran adipati crown prince anum pangeran anum young prince pangeran ratu reigning prince (used in Palembang and Java) panglima war-leader pantun Malay quatrain in which the first and third, and the second and fourth lines rhyme and often possess a pleasing assonance in addition to the requisite balance pemayang a type of boat with outriggers pemuras a blunderbuss; musketoon pencalang lookout-ship; also a trading ship penjajab Bugis warship; a light vessel used by the Bugis pikrama or pekrama an honorific prefix to the names of chiefs puji-pujian elaborate introductory compliments in Malay letters raden prince; princess (used in Java and Palembang) ratu title for reigning prince rial the old Spanish real (dollar) Rumi the use of the Roman alphabet; hence ‘Romanised’ or Latin script salawat invocations in God’s name for the Prophet Muhammad sampan pukat dinghy used with nets seri paduka an honorific prefix to the names or descriptions of royal personages; honorary non-royal titles of the highest rank xix laksamana [3.92.96.247] Project MUSE (2024-03-28 11:47 GMT) Seri Sultan name or description of royal personage sireh betel-vine or betel-leaf Sufism Islamic mysticism; also known as tasawwuf Sunna term used in Islam to express the custom or manner of life; hence the tradition which records either the sayings or doings of the Prophet Muhammad surat chap letter of authority usually conferred by royalty; document which bears the ruler’s seal tahun year Tambi term used when addressing a young Tamil; also title given to a Keling (Southern Indian, usually of Tamil-born) Tengku/Tunku Malay prince or princess tuan master; lord; a title used by 19th-century Malays when addressing Europeans, Sayids and Hajis. The word is ancient and very honourable ulama Islamic theologians or religious scholars ulueebalang Acehnese territorial chiefs par excellence; lords of the country vakeel or wakil agent; deputy; attorney warkat al-ikhlas letter of sincerity windu cycle of eight years in the traditional Javanese calendar Yang Dipertuan king; he who is tuan, i.e. lord or master of the state or country; the title was also applied to the governor-general Yam Tuan king; monarch; a popular variant of Yang Dipertuan Yam Tuan Besar the chief Yam Tuan Yam Tuan Muda underking zauk intuitive feelings in Sufism xx ...