The Churches: The Dynamics of Religious Reform in Northern Europe, 1780-1920

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TheDynamicsofReligiousRefoRminnoRTheRneuRope,1780-1920 THECHURCHES In memory of Nigel Yates THE DYNAMICS OF RELIGIOUS REFORM IN CHURCH, STATE AND SOCIETY IN NORTHERN EUROPE, 1780-1920 Editors-in-chief: Joris van Eijnatten and Nigel Yates † Before the last quarter of the eighteenth century there was a generally clear and remarkably uniform pattern of church-state relationships across Europe, which had emerged from the religious conflicts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the course of the ‘long’ nineteenth century this firm alliance between political and religious establishments broke down all over Europe. A substantial degree of religious pluralism developed everywhere, requiring church and state to accommodate change. Defining religious reform as ‘the conscious pursuit of renewal with the aim of adapting organised religion to the changing relations between church, state and society’, this series examines the reforms initiated by the organised religions of Northern Europe between c.1780 and c.1920. There has been an assumption that it was the change in the church-state relationship that was largely responsible for the ecclesiastical reform movement of the nineteenth century, and that it was the state that was the principal agent of change, with the national churches seen as resisting changes that had to be forced upon them. Recent research across Europe has shown that in some parts of Europe ecclesiastical reform was initiated by the churches; and that there were times and places when it was the state rather than the church that was hostile to alterations in the status quo. This series explores this process of change from different angles, looking particularly at its impact on the question of religious reform, in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Board members: Jan De Maeyer (KADOC-K.U.Leuven), Joris van Eijnatten (Utrecht University), Andreas Gestrich (German Historical Institute, London), Anders Jarlert (Lund University), James Kennedy (University of Amsterdam), Liselotte Malmgart (Aarhus University), Peter Jan Margry (Meertens Institute Amsterdam), Keith Robbins (Emeritus Vice-Chancellor, University of Wales, Lampeter), Nigel Yates† (University of Wales, Lampeter), Paula Yates (University of Wales, Trinity St David). Financial assistance for the research programme on ‘The Dynamics of Religious Reform in Northern Europe, 1780-1920’ is gratefully acknowledged from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), University of Wales, Trinity St David (formerly University of Wales, Lampeter) and the Documentation and Research Centre for Religion, Culture and Society at K.U.Leuven (KADOC). II The Dynamics of Religious RefoRm in noRTheRn euRope 1780-1920 THE CHURCHES EDITED BY JORIS VAN EIJNATTEN & PAULA YATES leuvenuniveRsiTypRess The series ‘The Dynamics of Religious Reform in Northern Europe, 1780-1920’ is a sub-series of the ‘KADOC Studies on Religion, Culture and Society’, published under the supervision of the KADOC Editorial Board: Urs Altermatt, Université de Fribourg Jan Art, Universiteit Gent Jaak Billiet, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Jan De Maeyer, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - KADOC Jean-Dominique Durand, Université Lyon 3 Emmanuel Gerard, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - KADOC James C. Kennedy, Universiteit van Amsterdam Mathijs Lamberigts, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Emiel Lamberts, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Jean-Michel Leniaud, école pratique des hautes études, Sorbonne, Paris Patrick Pasture, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Andrew Saint, University of Cambridge Liliane Voyé, Université Catholique de Louvain© 2010 Leuven University Press / Presses universitaires de Louvain / Universitaire Pers Leuven Minderbroedersstraat 4 bus 5602, B-3000 Leuven (Belgium) All rights reserved. Except in those cases expressly determined by law, no part of this publication may be multiplied, saved in an automated data file or made public in any way whatsoever without the express prior written consent of the publishers. ISBN 978 90 5867 826 3 D/2010/1869/33 NUR: 694 ...