Divide and Pacify: Strategic Social Policies and Political Protests in Post-Communist Democracies

List of Figures

List of Figures Figure 2.1. Unemployment rate in Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic, 1990–1999 (in percent) 12 Figure 3.1. Unemployment and the adjusted rate of workdays lost in strikes and lockouts in selected postcommunist , conservative, social democratic and liberal countries, 1990–1995 35 Figure 3.2. Unemployment and the adjusted rate of workers involved in strikes and lockouts in selected postcommunist , conservative, social democratic and liberal countries, 1990–1995 36 Figure 5.1. Incidence of relative poverty for various age categories in Hungary, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1994 77 Figure 5.2. Incidence of relative poverty for various age categories in Poland, 1989–1992 77 Figure 5.3. Incidence of relative poverty for various age categories in the Czech Republic, 1989–1992 78 Figure 5.4. Aggregate spending on family and maternity allowances (Families), unemployment benefits and poverty assistance (Unemployment) and pensions (Pensions) as a percentage of the total welfare state budget in Hungary, 1989–1994 80 Figure 5.5. Aggregate spending on family and maternity allowances (Families), unemployment benefits and poverty assistance (Unemployment) and pensions (Pensions) as a percentage of the total welfare state budget in Poland, 1989–1994 80 xii List of Figures Figure 5.6. Aggregate spending on family and maternity allowances (Families), unemployment benefits and poverty assistance (Unemployment) and pensions (Pensions) as a percentage of the total welfare state budget in the Czech Republic, 1989–1994 81 Figure 5.7. Yearly pension expenditures, standardized for the size of the population aged over 60, in Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic, 1989–1994 81 Figure 5.8. Replacement rates for old age pensions and child allowances in Hungary, 1989–1995 82 Figure 5.9. Replacement rates for old age pensions and child allowances in Poland, 1989–1995 83 Figure 5.10. Replacement rates for old age pensions and child allowances in the Czech Republic, 1989–1995 83 Figure 5.11. Pension system dependency and old age dependency rates in Hungary, 1989–1996 86 Figure 5.12. Pension system dependency and old age dependency rates in Poland, 1989–1996 86 Figure 5.13. Pension system dependency and old age dependency rates in the Czech Republic, 1989–1996 87 Figure 5.14. The growth in the numbers of disability pensioners in Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic, 1989– 1996 87 Figure 5.15. The growth in the numbers of old age pensioners in Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic, 1989– 1996 88 Figure 6.1. Temporal dynamics of early retirement policies and their subsequent effects for welfare politics 105 Figure 6.2. Ratio of passive to active labor market expenditures in Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic, 1990– 1993 110 Figure 6.3. The changes in the numbers of old age pensioners, disability pensioners, 60-plussers, and employed persons in Hungary, 1989–1996 112 Figure 6.4. The changes in the numbers of old age pensioners, disability pensioners, 60-plussers, and employed persons in Poland, 1989–1996 112 List of Figures xiii Figure 6.5. The changes in the numbers of old age pensioners, disability pensioners, 60-plussers, and employed persons in the Czech Republic, 1989–1996 113 Figure 6.6. Bankruptcies successfully completed as a percentage of bankruptcies filed in Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic, 1992–1996 115 Figure 6.7. Estimate of the electoral pensioner constituencies in Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic, 1989– 1996 (in percent) 120 Figure 7.1. Divide and Pacify: the causal mechanisms 135 ...