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Notes 1. Dual citizenship is not legal in Zimbabwe and new amendments to tighten the law have recently been introduced, also generating problems around the citizenship of long standing Mozambicans and Malawian farm worker migrants who have not yet denounced their original citizenship. 2. Mozambique expects one hundred white Zimbabweans commercial farmers, while ten have been allocated 4,000 hectares in Manica province. A group of sixty-three white Zimbabweans had requested 400,000 hectares, but the government of Mozambique has put a ceiling of 1,000 hectares per individual application (Daily News, 20/07/2001). 3. In this study, it was observed that, in the 16 areas under study in the six different countries, the percent of parcels acquired through the market ranged from 0-45 percent. Platteau (1996) also mentions that a study conducted by the World Bank in a sample of ten regions in Ghana, Kenya and Rwanda, the proportion of operated parcels acquired through purchases ranged from less than one percent to nearly 30 percent. In the highly populated area of Gisenyi in Rwanda, Kanama commune, with a population density of 566 inhabitants per km2 and a population growth rate of four percent per annum, Andre (1989) estimated that 23 percent of the operated parcels have been acquired through purchase. 4. Some of the emergent capitalist farmers were responsible for renting land in the communal areas because such land was ‘relatively free’ for their own projects. Therefore, there is a wide variation of land sizes and ownership regimes in the customary systems. 5. See Shepperd (1981). This is because in irrigation schemes governments have a moral claim to the reclaimed land. 6. The ‘open market’ for land is not always open. Thus Sheppard observes that, in Ghana, a monopolistic and largely covert market in rice land emerged, whereby chiefs would sell land use rights either for undefined periods or, in cases where opposition to strangers appropriating land has been articulated, for a defined period of three to five years after which land rights revert back to the community (Shepperd 1981). ...

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