HISTORY OF THE ALPS, 1500 - 1900: ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT, AND SOCIETY

Contents

i Table of Contents Preface ...................................................................................................... 1 The Alps: A Historical Space? 1. — ................................................................—5 Key questions and the state of the research .......................................... 8 The political construction of territory .................................................. 14 Population 2. .............................................................................................. 23 Data and collection methods ............................................................... 24 Comparing long-term trends ............................................................... 34 Agriculture and Alpiculture 3. .................................................................. 47 The intensity differential in the Alps .................................................. 49 Cropping frequency and yields ............................................................. 55 The intensification of animal husbandry . . . ...................................... 61 . . . and of plant cultivation ................................................................... 64 Technology ............................................................................................ 70 Cities 4. ....................................................................................................... 83 Statistics in the early modern era ......................................................... 85 Acceleration of growth ......................................................................... 92 The slowing of urban growth ............................................................... 97 The nineteenth century ...................................................................... 104 ii Environment and Development 5. .......................................................... 114 An intermediate assessment: differentiated growth .......................... 115 Relations between the Alps and surrounding areas .......................... 119 History and ecological models ............................................................ 127 Illustrations ............................................................................ After p. 134 Two Agrarian Structures (Nineteenth Century) 6. .................................. 135 Farming establishments ...................................................................... 137 Public order and property .................................................................. 146 Inheritance law, collective resources .................................................. 154 Territories during the Early Modern Period 7. ...................................... 161 Savoy: the duke, the notables .............................................................. 163 The Grisons: communes with subjects .............................................. 171 Carinthia: Lord, peasant, servant ....................................................... 180 State Formation and Society 8. ............................................................... 195 The European dimension .................................................................. 196 Politics as a factor of differentiation .................................................. 205 Rural societies ..................................................................................... 209 History of the Alps from 1500 to 1900 9. ............................................. 222 A summary .......................................................................................... 222 Arguments and outlook ...................................................................... 225 Appendices .......................................................................................... 229 Bibliography ......................................................................................... 241 Index .................................................................................................... 250 ...