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Contents CD Contents vi List of Illustrations vii List of Tables ix Preface xi 1. Archaeological Background 1 Stratigraphy and Chronology 2 Archaeobotanical Questions 6 2. Environment, Vegetation, and Land Use 9 Topography, Soils, and Water 9 Climate near Gordion 11 Modern Vegetation Overview 12 Recent Land Use—Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fuel 12 Ancient Climate and Vegetation 17 3. Field to Laboratory: Collection and Processing of Wood Charcoal and Flotation Samples 21 Nature of the Deposits—Burnt Buildings vs. Ordinary Occupation Debris 21 Field Collection of Wood Charcoal 21 Field Sampling for Flotation 21 Representativeness 22 Laboratory Procedures—Samples, Sorting, Recording, and Quantification 22 4. Analysis of the Wood Charcoal Sample 25 Archaeological Context 25 Methodological and Analytical Assumptions 25 The Taxa: Ecological Significance 27 Distribution of the Charcoal in Time and Space 29 Results of the Charcoal Analysis 34 5. Analysis of the Flotation Samples 37 Methodological and Analytical Assumptions 37 Quantification of the Remains from Occupation Debris 37 The Taxa: Economic and Ecological Significance 39 Distribution of the Taxa in Time and Space 49 Flotation Samples from Burned Buildings 59 vi contents 6. Interpretation—Summary and Conclusions 63 Vegetation Cover and Changes over Time 63 Integrated Economies and Archaeobiological Data 67 Cultural Affiliation 69 Summary of Results 70 Appendix A. Flotation Samples: Laboratory Protocol for Gordion 73 Appendix B. Wood Charcoal Identification Criteria 76 Appendix C. Vegetation Survey 80 Appendix D. Wild and Weedy Taxa: Seed Identification and Ecological Information 114 Appendix E. Charcoal Samples 141 Appendix F. Flotation Samples 168 Bibliography 265 Index 271 Author Note 273 CD Contents Appendix C: Vegetation survey YH C1 Localities YH C2 Plant list Appendix D: Seed measures YH D1 Barley measurements YH D2 Barley twistedness YH D3 Free-threshing wheat measurements YH D4 Einkorn measurements YH D5 Emmer measurements YH D6 Other Poaceae measurements YH D7 Lentil measurements YH D8 Flax measurements Appendix E: Charcoal samples YH E1 Inventory of charcoal samples YH E2 Data from charcoal samples Appendix F: Flotation samples YH F1 Inventory of flotation samples YH F2 Data from flotation samples YH F3 Contents of heavy fractions ...

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