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Appendix D Wild and Weedy Taxa: Seed Identification and Ecological Information Description of the Taxa The taxa of wild and weedy plants found in the Gordion flotation samples are listed below in alphabetical order by family. The identifications of the ancient material are based on illustrations in seed atlases and archaeobotanical reports (especially W. van Zeist’smanypublicationsinthejournalPalaeohistoria) and the comparative collection housed in the ethnobotanical laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania Museum, which includes many types collected in the spring and summer in the environs of Gordion. General comments based on personal observation around Gordion and published information about the taxa follow the seed descriptions. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae—carrot family) In fresh specimens, members of the Apiaceae are distinguished by general morphology, specific variations in shape, and surface. Charring destroys or distorts many features, so many of the seeds cannot be determined even to genus. Generally, members of this large, diverse family are plants of open ground. cf. Anthriscus. Long drop-shaped seed; surface eroded (YH 28338: L 3.5 mm, B 1.8 mm, T 1.4 mm). Not seen growing today. Artedia. [Fig. D1a] Distinctive flat seed in only one sample. Not seen growing today. Bifora. Distinctive round seed with heart-shaped hilum. Bifora radians seen at the edge of an irrigated wheat field. Bupleurum. Size, shape, and surface texture (rugose , but with no hint of spines) consistent with Bupleurum . YH-Apiaceae 6 may be Bupleurum based on general size and shape, but seed coat absent. Bupleurum turcicum and B. flavum seen in uncultivated steppe. cf. Daucus. [Fig. D1d] Size and shape (roughly parallel sides, hint of spines) consistent with Daucus carota, which is common along roadsides, irrigated field edges, and the banks of the Sakarya. Eryngium. [Fig. D1c] Five distinctive flat seeds occur in a single sample. Both Eryngium campestre and E. creticum grow in the area today. Their leaves and inflorescences have spiny tips, and they grow in overgrazed pasture as well as on Tumulus MM. Torilis. [Fig. D1e]; Torilis cf. leptophylla. [Fig. D1f ] Similar to cf. Daucus, but in examples where spines have been abraded away, wavy longitudinal ridges visible (YH 30664: L 6.1 mm, B 2.0 mm, T 1.0 mm). cf. Turgenia. [Fig. D1b] Seed wider and thicker at base than at apex; base of some spines visible. Seen on Tumulus MM. Apiaceae, various Several members of the family occur throughout the sequence in small numbers. Given the inherent variability of charred seeds, I have not described and illustrated all these types; the reader would be advised to lump them as miscellaneous Apiaceae, which tend to be plants of open ground. YH-Apiaceae 2. [Fig. D2a; Table D1] A small seed, ridged; may not have spines. Seven measurable seeds from four samples average length 2.3 mm, breadth 1.1 mm, and thickness 0.9 mm. YH-Apiaceae 3. A small seed, relatively flat and ridges not prominent (YH 22096: L 1.9 mm, B 1.2 appendix d 115 mm, T 0.7 mm). The single examplar has remains of fine spines. YH-Apiaceae 4/8 [Fig. D2b; Table D2] A plump seed; surface texture may be shiny or dull, with or without bumps indicative of spines. Designation based primarily on length and plumpness. Therewere13measurableseedsfrom13 different samples, with length averaging 2.8mm,length:breadthabout1.65,and thickness:breadth about 0.90. YH-Apiaceae 6. May be Bupleurum without its seedcoat. YH-Apiaceae 7. [Fig. D2c] See seed illustration. YH-Apiaceae 9. A whole fruit (i.e., two attached carpels) in one sample. YH-Apiaceae 10/Unknown 31. [Fig. D2d, e; Table D3] Similar to YHApiaceae4 /8,butlargerandlonger.Surface texture may be shiny or dull, with or without bumps indicative of spines. Identification based primarily on length andplumpness,withlengthbeingabout 3.5mm,length:breadthabout1.87,and thickness:breadth 0.88. Asteraceae (Compositae—daisy family) The Asteraceae is one of the largest plant families in Turkey, with diverse genera that tend to prefer open ground. In both ancient seed samples and modern vegetation survey, they can be difficult to identify. I have been unable to collectseedsofseveralcommongenerabecausetheyripen in the late summer or fall (notably Cousinia halysensis, Xeranthemum inapertum); perhaps some of the unidentified seeds belong to these uncollected genera. cf. Anthemis/Matricaria. [Fig. D3a]. Differs from YH-Asteraceae 1 because it is slightly bigger. Both of these genera are common in lightly grazed steppe. Artemisia. Along with wild thyme (Thymus sp.) Artemisia sp. is one of the most common shrubs in the overgrazed environs of...

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