Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the Baikal Region, Siberia: Bioarchaeological Studies of Past Life Ways

List of Illustrations

Illustrations Frontispiece ii 1.1 Geographical location of the Lake Baikal study area within northern interior East Asia [also on dvd] 5 1.2 Model simulations of the combined effects of orbital and CO2/H2O forcing on Holocene climate 8 1.3 Model simulations of the moisture and precipitation levels in Cis-Baikal during the Holocene 9 1.4 Generalized climatic trends indicated by numerical model simulations and paleoenvironmental proxy records from the Lake Baikal region, Mongolia, and north-central China [also on dvd] 12 2.1 Geographic location of Cis-Baikal Middle Holocene cemeteries dated by radiocarbon 29 2.2 Calibration curve for the relevant period [also on dvd] 37 2.3 Histogram of median calibrated dates for the entire Cis-Baikal 38 2.4 Histogram of median calibrated dates for the Angara Valley 38 2.5 Histogram of median calibrated dates for the Upper Lena Valley 39 2.6 Histogram of median calibrated dates for the Little Sea area 40 2.7 Histogram of median calibrated dates for South Baikal 40 2.8 Histogram of median calibrated dates for the tightly flexed interments 42 2.9 Histogram of median calibrated dates for the Ust’-Ida I cemetery 42 2.10 Calibration results for the entire Cis-Baikal dvd 2.11 Calibration results for the Angara Valley dvd 2.12 Calibration results for the Upper Lena Valley dvd 2.13 Calibration results for the Little Sea area dvd 2.14 Calibration results for South Baikal dvd 2.15 Calibration results for the tightly flexed interments dvd 2.16 Calibration results for the Ust’-Ida I cemetery dvd Illustrations x 3.1 Mesolithic and Early Neolithic cemeteries in the Baikal region 52 3.2 Ershi cemetery 58 3.3 Ershi cemetery, Grave 2 60 3.4 Early Neolithic mortuary traditions 68 3.5 Early Neolithic Kitoi group of graves goods from Shamanka II 70 3.6 Late Neolithic Isakovo mortuary tradition, Ust’-Ida cemetery 76 3.7 Late Neolithic Serovo mortuary tradition 79 3.8 Late Neolithic Archaic mortuary tradition, Upper Lena 81 3.9 Late Neolithic Ol’khon (Late Serovo) mortuary tradition 83 4.1 The Little Sea microregion and the location of all known Bronze Age mortuary sites [also on dvd] 89 4.2 Site plan of Khuzhir-Nuge XIV cemetery, indicating organizational clusters 90 4.3 Radiocarbon dates (uncalibrated 1 s.d.) from Bronze Age cemeteries in the Little Sea microregion [also on dvd] 93 4.4 Site plan of the mortuary site Kurma XI 95 4.5 Site plan of the mortuary site Uliarba dvd 4.6 Site plan of the mortuary site Sarminskii Mys dvd 4.7 Site plan of the mortuary site Khadarta IV dvd 4.8 Locations of Neolithic and Bronze Age graves at Shamanskii Mys dvd 5.1 Siberia and Mongolia showing approximate geographic locations of prehistoric and modern populations evaluated 112 5.2 Principal component plot of FST estimates 116 5.3 Patterns of mtDNA haplogroup variation in Siberia and East Asia 117 6.1 Indigenous Siberian and East Asian populations compared in this analysis 122 6.2 mtDNA haplogroup frequencies and regions of genetic similarity in Siberia: Central Siberia, south-central Siberia, Amur River region, and northeastern Siberia 123 6.3 Altai Republic, with selected settlements of northern and southern Altaian ethnic groups indicated 124 6.4 Median-joining network of Altaian mtDNA haplotypes 125 6.5 East Asia and eastern Siberia with D5 haplogroup frequencies in each region 126 Illustrations xi 6.6 Principal components plot of FST values estimated from mtDNA data from Altaian, Turkic-speaking, and Mongolian populations 127 6.7 mtDNA haplogroup frequencies in ancient and modern Siberian populations from the Baikal region 129 6.8 Principal components plot of mtDNA haplogroup distributions for prehistoric and modern populations as estimated by FST statistics 130 7.1 Proportion of observable individuals affected by osteoarthritis 142 7.2 Proportion of affected males exhibiting osteoarthritis for each joint region 145 7.3 Proportion of affected females exhibiting osteoarthritis for each joint region 147 7.4 Proportion of observable individuals affected in each skeletal pathology category 152 7.5 Distribution of skeletal pathological conditions observed 153 7.6 Proportion of observable individuals affected in each dental pathological category 162 7.7 Distribution of dental pathological conditions observed 162 7.8 Proportion of observable adults affected by periodontitis and antemortem tooth loss 163 8.1 Location of mortuary sites...