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places in the world. In 1951 it was also one of the least known. Ward H. Goodenough spent three months surveying New Guinea and its adjacent islands to select an area for possible in-depth research. He returned in 1954 to study the Nakanai, who lived on the island of New Britain (Plate 44). The Tiwi are an Australian Aboriginal group living on Melville Island. Jane Goodale, then a graduate student in the Anthropology Department of the University of Pennsylvania, spent most of 1954 living among them and studying their customs (Plates 45 and 46). Ward Goodenough spent ten months in 1964–65 in Truk, in the Caroline Islands, Micronesia. He studied material culture and the native language, eventually producing a Trukese-English Dictionary (1980). William H. Davenport worked in the Solomon Islands, Melanesia, studying social change, archaeology, and ethnography (1964–66). Europe In addition to the archaeology of Classical sites in the Mediterranean, the Museum has also carried out investigations of prehistoric and ancient humans at a variety of sites in northern and eastern Europe. Henry C. Mercer conducted a survey of Paleolithic sites in France and Spain, 1892–93, and Henry U. Hall worked in France in 1923, as did Virginia Beggs in 1937 and 1939. Vladimir Fewkes served as Field Director for four seasons (1929–32) on the first American archaeological expedition to Central Europe, under the joint auspices of the University of Pennsylvania Museum and the Peabody Museum of Harvard University. He excavated a number of sites in what is now the Czech Republic ranging in date from the Early Neolithic to the Iron Age. This work was followed by Eugene Golomshtok’s excavations at Esske-Kermen in the Crimea in 1933. More recently, Bernard Wailes, a specialist in late European prehistory and the early Medieval period, directed the excavations at Dún Ailinne, County Kildare (1968–75), as well as other prehistoric and historic sites in Ireland and England. Harold L. Dibble and Philip G. Chase have excavated at several important Paleolithic sites in France, including La Quina (1984–88), Combe-Capelle (1987–90), and Fontéchevade (1994–98). Photography and Anthropology One of the most powerful forms of media to convey information about and advance understanding of foreign people and places is photography. Photographs offer a kind of documentation not found in artists’ renderings 13 Adventures in Photography or the written word. The accuracy of photography in portraying the likeness of individuals or natural and architectural landscapes is astonishing, though today perhaps taken mostly for granted. The power of photographs resides also in the “frozen” quality of each image. The photographic print, like the written word, can be experienced in quiet contemplation and will reveal itself in different ways, depending on the viewer and the context of the experience. Each image is a moment in time and place that may be observed again and again. Early anthropological photography was not carried out by anthropologists . Photographs of distant lands were taken by soldiers, missionaries, merchants, and other travelers (see Plates 5 and 12). There was a ready market for images of forgotten ruins, Biblical landscapes, or exotic-looking people. Old myths were revived and imagined places became real. Today many of these photographs provide a wealth of documentation for anthropologists and historians of the discipline. But the perhaps unconscious motives of the photographer must be noted as well: by stressing the primitive aspects of indigenous people around the world, photographs were sometimes also used to justify the imperial ends of colonial powers. It was in reaction to this at best untrained use of photographic documentation that professional anthropologists, including researchers at the University of Pennsylvania Museum, began to collect their own field data and photographs systematically. Field photography was extremely difficult in the years just after the invention of the medium in the first half of the 19th century. Glass plate negatives were cumbersome and fragile and needed to be prepared, exposed, and developed in rapid succession with an array of perishable chemicals—all while still in the field. Photographic equipment was heavy and expensive, and photographers needed to transport a complete darkroom on their travels. When the University of Pennsylvania Museum began its research programs in the late 1880s, some of these obstacles had been overcome by the constant evolution of the technology. Even so, the process required rigorous training. The anthropologists and archaeologists working for the Museum were usually not professional photographers and often obtained mediocre results by artistic standards. But the anthropologist...

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