Reorienting the Manchus: A Study of Sinicization, 1583–1795

Explanatory Note

xvii Explanatory Note In this note I would like to explain the usages in the present study. Except for some well-accepted practices and a few spellings preferred by the individuals in question, I have used the pin-yin system of romanization for Chinese terms and names throughout the study. I render many Chinese place names according to the long-established spellings. Therefore Nanking stands for Nanching or Nanjing, Kiangsu for Jiangsu, and Sinkiang for Xinjiang. For Manchu terms and names I have consulted the Man-Han da cidian (Great Manchu-Chinese Cyclopedia), edited by An Shuang-cheng (Shenyang: Liaoning minzu chuban she, 1993) and the Hakki tsūshi retsuden sakuin (Index to the biographical sections of Baqi tongzhi). As for Korean words and names, I have followed the McCune-Reischauer system; for Japanese words and names, I have adopted the Romanji system in Kenkyusha’s New Japanese-English Dictionary (Tokyo, 1954) respectively.1 Chinese, Japanese, and Korean names appear in their traditional order, with the family name first and the personal name last. Dates if available are given after personal, dynastic, or event names when they appear for the first time. Since this work attempts to be an extensive study of the subject, I have to introduce more information into the text and this requires more notes. To reduce the number of notes I place the note number mostly at the end of the paragraph. Despite its broad coverage, one can 1. The Hakki tsūshi retsuden sakuin was compiled by Kanda Nobuo, Matsumura Jun, and Okada Hidehiro (Tokyo: Toyo Bunko, 1965). For the McCune-Reischauer system, see “The Romanization of the Korean Language,” Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 29 (Seoul, 1939): 1–55 and 38 (1961): 121–28. xviii Explanatory Note easily distinguish what each note refers to. Naturally the notes exclude trivial and digressive information. While citing works in East Asian languages, I give the full names of the authors in accord with their original order. In citing Western sources by Chinese, Japanese, or Korean authors, I follow the Western practice by placing personal names first and family names last. After its first appearance, a source in whatever language will be listed by its author’s last name and its shortened title if the title is long. Because the Manchus are referred to only by given names, I cite their works the same way, unless their clan names appear on the title page. Regarding the Ming and Korean veritable records (shilu), I indicate first their volume (ce) number, then the reign title or the temple name of the ruler, the chapter (juan) and page numbers, and finally the date. Excluding a few cases, Qing emperors did not have voluminous veritable records. Consequently, in citations, I omit their volume numbers . In certain cases I refer to sources only by their volume and page numbers.2 When citing Mingshi (History of the Ming Dynasty), I mention first the volume number and then the chapter and page numbers. As for Baqi tongzhi chuji (see TCCC in the Bibliography), Baqi tongzhi (General History of the Eight Banners), Baqi Manzhou shizu tongpu (see STTP in the Bibliography), and other similar sources, I give only the chapter and page numbers. The counting of dates in traditional East Asia differed from the Western practice. Individual monarchs counted the year by their reign titles and the month in the lunar calendar, with the day by the cyclical characters. I use this dating method to cite dynastic sources. For example, in the reference of Kangxi reign 8/5/gengzi, the two numbers indicate the fifth month of the eighth year of the Kangxi reign, with the cyclical characters gengzi as the day identifier. A list of such cyclical characters, “Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches,” is available in this study. Because of their irregularity, I identify the reigns of Nurhaci and Hong Taiji by their temple names: Taizu and Taizong. The remaining Qing rulers are referred to by their reign titles and followed by the chapter and page numbers as well as the date. Korean kings are 2. Qing shigao jiaozhu (see CSKC), the Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period (1644– 1912), ed. by Arthur W. Hummel (see ECCP), the Dictionary of Ming Biography, ed. by L. Carrington Goodrich and Chaoying Fang (see DMB). Explanatory Note xix mentioned by their temple names. Old Chinese and Korean books are double...