Brazil at the Dawn of the Eighteenth Century

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contents Preface by Stuart B. Schwartz xi Introduction xv Brazil at the Dawn of  the Eighteenth Century 1 The First Part The Agricultural Wealth of Brazil in the Cultivation of Sugar 7 Preamble 9 Book 1 Chapter I: The Resources a Royal Sugar Mill Owner Should Possess 15 Chapter II: How the Sugar Planter Should Act in the Purchase, Upkeep, and Leasing of His Lands 19 Chapter III: How the Planter Should Deal with Tenants and His Other Neighbors and They with Him 22 Chapter IV: How the Planter Should Behave in Choosing the Hands and Skilled Workers He Engages, Beginning with the Choice of Chaplain 25 Chapter V: The Head Overseer and the Subordinate Overseers Who Preside in the Milling, the Estate, and the Cane Fields; Their Duties and Salaries 29 Chapter VI: The Sugar Master, the Assistant Master or Banqueiro, and the Assistant Banqueiro 33 Chapter VII: The Sugar Refiner 36 vi Contents Chapter VIII: The Bookkeeper on the Plantation 37 Chapter IX: How the Planter Should Treat His Slaves 39 Chapter X: How the Planter Should Act in Directing His Family and Ordinary Household Expenses 45 Chapter XI: How the Planter Should Receive Guests, Whether Religious or Laymen 47 Chapter XII: How the Planter Should Deal with Merchants as Well as with His Agents in the Market Place; Some of the Ways of Buying and Selling Sugar, as Practiced in Brazil 49 Book 2 Chapter I: The Choice of Land on Which to Plant the Cane, and for Supplying Provisions Needed for the Mill 53 Chapter II: Planting and Weeding Canes, and the Different Kinds of Them 55 Chapter III: Enemies of the Cane in the Field 58 Chapter IV: Cutting the Cane and Carrying It to the Mill 60 Chapter V: The Mill, the Building Housing It, and How Water Powers It 63 Chapter VI: How the Cane Is Milled and the Number of People Required to Mill It 70 Chapter VII: The Wood Used to Make the Rollers, and All Other Woodworking on the Plantation, Canoes and Boats, and What Is Normally Paid to Carpenters and Similar Workers 73 Chapter VIII: Furnaces, Their Equipment, the Required Firewood, and the Ash Used for Leaching 76 Chapter IX: The Cauldrons and Copper Vessels, Their Organization, the Skilled Workers and Others Required, and the Tools They Use 80 vii Contents Chapter X: Cleaning and Purifying the Caldo from the Cane in the Cauldrons and the Filtering Kettle until It Reaches the Boiling Pans 84 Chapter XI: How Melado Is Cooked and Whisked in the Boiling Pans 87 Chapter XII: The Three Temperings of Melado and Its Correct Distribution in the Molds 89 Book 3 Chapter I: Regarding the Molds for Sugar and Their Movement from the Cooling Shed to the Refinery 93 Chapter II: Refining the Sugar in Its Molds 95 Chapter III: The People Required to Refine, Separate, Dry, and Crate the Sugar; the Tools Needed to Do This 97 Chapter IV: The Clay Used for the Sugar Molds; What Type It Should Be, How It Should Be Kneaded, and If It Is Wise to Have a Pottery Workshop on the Plantation 99 Chapter V: How Sugar Is Refined in the Molds and How It Is Treated in the Refinery 101 Chapter VI: How Sugar Is Removed from the Molds, Separated, and Dried 104 Chapter VII: Weighing, Distributing, and Crating the Sugar 107 Chapter VIII: Various Types of Sugar Crated Separately, the Marks on the Crates, and Their Transport to the Warehouse 109 Chapter IX: The Past and Present Prices of Sugar 112 Chapter X: The Number of Crates of Sugar Normally Produced Each Year in Brazil 114 Chapter XI: The Cost of a Crate of Sugar of Thirty-Five Arrobas Cleared through the Customs House in Lisbon, and the Value of All Sugar Produced in Brazil Each Year 115 Chapter XII: The Suffering of Sugar from the Time It Is Born in the Field until It Leaves Brazil 118 viii Contents The Second Part The Development and Wealth of Brazil through the Cultivation of Tobacco 121 Chapter I: How Tobacco Was Developed in Brazil and What Esteem It Has Attained 123 Chapter II: The Labor of Tobacco, How It Is Seeded, Transplanted, and Weeded, and When to Plant It 125 Chapter III: How the Tobacco Leaves Are Picked and Cured and How These Are Treated and Made into Coils 127 Chapter IV: How Tobacco...