BRINGING DOWN THE MOUNTAINS: THE IMPACT OF MOUTAINTOP REMOVAL SURFACE COAL MINING ON SOUTHERN WEST VIRGINIA COMMUNITIES

NOTES

144 NOTES 1 Ronald Lewis, Transforming the Appalachian Countryside: Railroads, Deforestation, and Social Change in West Virginia, 1880–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 104–114. 2 Ronald Lewis and John Hennen Jr., eds., West Virginia: Documents in the History of a Rural-Industrial State (Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1996), 2nd ed., 168–170. 3 David S. Walls, “Internal Colony or Internal Periphery: A Critique of Current Models and an Alternative Formulation,” in Colonialism in Modern America: The Appalachian Case, eds. Helen Matthews Lewis, Linda Johnson, and Donald Askins (Boone, NC: Appalachian Consortium Press, 1978), 319–340; see also David S. Walls, “Central Appalachia in Advanced Capitalism” (PhD diss., University of Kentucky, 1978). 4 G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America: Power and Politics (Boston: McGrawHill Higher Education, 2002), 95. 5 Domhoff, Who Rules America, 95–98. 6 David Corbin, Life, Work, and Rebellion in the Coal Fields: The Southern West Virginia Miners, 1880–1922 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981), 8; Ronald D. Eller, Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers: Industrialization of the Appalachian South, 1880–1930 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1982), 162–163. 7 Corbin, Life, Work, and Rebellion, 9. 8 See for example, Price Fishback, “Did Coal Miners ‘Owe Their Souls to the Company Store?’ Theory and Evidence from the Early 1900s,” The Journal of Economic History 46 (Dec. 1986): 1011–1029; Crandall Shifflett, Coal Towns: Life, Work, and Culture in Company Towns of Southern Appalachia, 1880–1960 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991); Corbin, Life, Work, and Rebellion, 42. 9 Corbin, Life, Work, and Rebellion, 9, 42. 10 Corbin, Life, Work, and Rebellion, 9. 11 Corbin, Life, Work, and Rebellion, 122–123. 12 For more on model company towns, see chapter 2. 13 See for example, Robert Shogan, The Battle of Blair Mountain: The Story of America’s Largest Labor Uprising (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004); Lon Savage, Thunder in the Mountains (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1990); Howard B. Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia: The Story of West Virginia’s Four Major Mine Wars and Other Thrilling Incidents of Its Coal 145 Fields (Morgantown: West Virginia University, 1969); Ken Sullivan, ed., The “Goldenseal” Book of the West Virginia Mine Wars (Charleston, WV: Pictorial Histories Publishing, 1991). 14 Eller, Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers, 134, 138. 15 Eller, Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers, 222–223. 16 John Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1980), 5–20. 17 Shiva Kolli, “Analyses of Coal Extraction and Spoil Handling Techniques in Mountainous Areas” (master’s thesis, West Virginia University, 2001), 26–28. 18 Ken Ward Jr., “Clean Air Act May Boost State Coal Sales,” Charleston (WV) Gazette-Mail, April 12, 1994; “All About Business,” Charleston (WV) Daily Mail, April 26, 1994. 19 George Hohmann, “No One asked AEP’s Opinion: Importance of Coal to its Operation Fuels Support of Mountaintop Removal,” Charleston (WV) Daily Mail, May 27, 1999. 20 West Virginia Coal Association, Coal Facts 2003 (Charleston: West Virginia Coal Association, 2003), June 30, 2004, http://friendsofcoal.org/resources/Fact _book.pdf. 21 Numbers derived from adding coal-slurry impoundment statistics found in Appendix 2. 22 Ken Ward Jr., “Mining the Mountains: Industry, Critics Look for Mountaintop Removal Alternative: Is There Another Way?” Charleston (WV) Gazette, June 6, 1999. Chapter 1 The epigraph to this chapter is drawn from the King James Bible. 1 Massey Energy Company, 2005 Annual Report (Richmond, VA: Massey Energy Company, 2006), 95. 2 Eller, Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers, xix; for more information on the region’s transition from a barter economy, see Paul Salstrom, Appalachia’s Path to Dependency: Rethinking a Region’s Economic History, 1730–1940 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1994). 3 Wilma Dunaway, The First American Frontier: Transition to Capitalism in Southern Appalachia, 1700–1860 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 54–66, 192–193; Eller, Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers, xxi, 50–52. Identification, mapping, and purchasing of resources occurred as early as the eighteenth century, prior to the intense natural-resource exploitation that Notes 146 would accompany the industrial transition in the mountains. Still, absentee holdings could not be fully exploited until the railroads entered the treacherous, coal-rich southern West Virginia territories at different times for each county during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. 4 Tom Miller, “Absentees Dominate Land Ownership,” Who Owns West Virginia? (Huntington, WV, 1974), 1–3. 5 Miller, “Absentees...