Notes
Notes Introduction 1. See Ambler and Summers, West Virginia, 389-90, 396-98, 461-62, 47885j Rice and Brown, West Virginia, 233-35, 247, 266-73j Williams, Bicentennial History, 159-79. 2. A good brief guide to the emergence.of Appalachian historical studies is Dwight B. Billings, Mary Beth Pudup, and Altina Waller, "The Emergence and Transformation of Historical Studies of Appalachia," in Appalachia in the Making: The Mountain South in the Nineteenth Century, ed. Billings, Pudup, and Waller, 1-24. 3. Ibid., 8-16j Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 82-87. For a good, brief discussion of the geologic and physiographic setting ofWest Virginia history, see Rice and Brown, West Virginia, 1-10. 4. Salstrom, Appalachia's Path to Dependency, xxiv-xxv, 83-121 j quotation , 92. 5. For accounts of the impact of industrial capitalism, see Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, xv-xvi, 82-87, and Ronald D Eller, Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers , passim. 6. James T. Patterson called attention to the need for state studies with The New Deal and the States. Among the recent state and city studies are Argersinger, Toward a New Deal in Baltimore; Badger, Prosperity RoadjBiles, Memphis in the Great Depression; Blakey, Hard Times and New Deal in KentuckYj Coode and Bauman, People, Poverty, and Politicsj Heinemann, Depression and New Deal in Virginia. A useful collection of articles covering eleven states and two cities is Braeman, Bremner, and Brody, eds., The New Deal. Also useful are two recent regional studies: Biles, The South and the New Deal, and Smith, New Deal in the Urban South. 7. Robert Wiebe pioneered in the application of the organizational concept to American history in his seminal book The Search for Order. Louis Galambos called attention to the idea in "Emerging Organizational Synthesis in Modern American History," 279-90. Ellis W. Hawley carries the theme forward, characterizing the New Era "associationalism" of the twenties as "a search that failed" but that left structures that could be turned to New Deal purposes. The primary organizational challenges of the New Deal, Hawley suggests, were among mass-production workers, urban ethnics, and the social 242 Notes to Pages 4-9 welfare system (Great War and the Search for a Modern Order, 198-99). Gerald D. Nash's brief The Crucial Era outlines a comprehensive restructuring of American life. A recent interpretation strongly influenced by the organizational approach, which emphasizes business domination of key New Deal reforms, is Colin Gordon, New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics in America, 1920-1935. 8. Argersinger, Toward a New Deal, xvi-xvii. 9. Coode and Bauman, People, Poverty, and Politics, 12. 10. Heinemann, Enduring Dominion; Blakey, Hard Times. 1. On the Eve 1. Jarrett, "Industrial Conditions in West Virginia." 2. Earlier boosterism is documented by Williams, Captains of Industry. See also Corbin, Life, Work. and Rebellion in the Coal Fields, 133-36. 3. Williams, Captains of Industry, 210-11, 245-54; and Williams, Bicentennial History, 131-55. 4. Hennen, Americanization of West Virginia. 5. A convenient guide to the growth of government and other organizations over the decade is the West Virginia Legislative Hand Book and Manual and Official Register, known as the Blue Book and issued annually. The growth of associational bureaucracy as a central theme of the era is explored in Hawley, Great War and the Search for Modern Order. 6. Sly, Tax Limitation in West Virginia, 1. 7. For a summary of editorial opinion on the state of the coal industry, see Charleston Gazette, Sept. 16, 1929. 8. Sullivan, "West Virginia, the Nation's Treasure Chest," 390-91; Charleston Gazette, Oct. 2, 1929. 9. Hawley, New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly, 205-6; Longin, "Coal, Congress, and the Courts," 100-130; Johnson, Politics of Soft Coal, 122; Vittoz, New Deal Labor Policy, 47-69. 10. For accounts of the hostilities between miners and operators in the postwar period, see Corbin, Life, Work and Rebellion; Corbin, ed., West Virginia Mine Wars; Daniel P. Jordon, "The Mingo War: Labor Violence in the Southern West Virginia Coal Fields, 1919-1922," in Essays in Southern Labor History, ed. Fink and Reed, 102-43; Lunt, Law and Order vs the Miners; Lon Savage, Thunder in the Mountains. Also of interest is the memoir of a former state attorney general, Howard B. Lee: Bloodletting in Appalachia. 11. Johnson, Politics of Soft Coal, 95, 119. 12. Coode and Bauman, People, Poverty, and Politics, 43-44. 13. Clarence Edwin Smith, "Coal Commission Would Increase United Mine Workers Power," Charleston Gazette, April 3...
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