Vying for Allah’s Vote: Understanding Islamic Parties, Political Violence, and Extremism in Pakistan

Contents

CONTENTS List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2 Islam and Democracy in Pakistan 7 Islamic Confessional Parties 7 Party Types and Extremism: The Sharia–Secularism Continuum 10 Muslim Democracy in Pakistan 13 The Rise of Muslim Pakistan 16 Democracy in Pakistan 17 The Role of Religion and Islamic Parties 21 Plan of the Volume 29 CHAPTER 3 Islamic Parties in Pakistan 31 Party Formation in Developed Democracies 32 Party Formation in Developing Democracies 34 Islamist Party Formation 37 The Sharia-Secular Model of Confessional Party Behavior 42 Islamic Confessional Party Organization 45 Typology of Islamic Confessional Parties in Pakistan 47 CHAPTER 4 Muslim Democratic Parties: Origins and Characteristics 51 Ideology and Structure 54 Pakistani Independence 57 Modern Muslim Democrats: The Muslim League and Its Competitors 63 vii viii CONTENTS CHAPTER 5 Islamist Parties: Origins and Characteristics 75 Jamaat-e-Islami: A Hierarchical Islamist Party 78 Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam: A Network Islamist Party 90 Islamist Parties: Shared Assets and Obstacles 102 CHAPTER 6 Islamic Voters in Pakistan: Motives and Behavior 106 Survey Hypotheses 109 Survey Analysis 115 CHAPTER 7 Political Strategy: When Extremism Works 127 Pakistan Muslim League: Moving toward the Right 131 Jamaat-e-Islami: Associating with Violence to Secure Votes 137 Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam: Using Religious Spaces as a Party of the Masses 143 The JUl as Incumbents: Modernization and Extremism 147 The JI as Incumbents: Moderation and Extremism 149 The Limits of Strategic Positioning: The Case of the ANP 150 CHAPTER 8 Lessons Learned: How Pakistan Informs the Arab Spring and Afghanistan 154 Signaling Credible Commitments and the ShariaSecular Model: A Rational Choice Explanation for Islamic Parties 155 Egypt: Islamic Parties Fighting for a Seat at the Table 158 Bangladesh: Divergent Islamic Trends from Pakistan 163 Afghanistan: Why Islamic Party Origins Matter 166 Morocco: Where Incumbency Leads to Moderation 170 Conclusion: Why Pakistan Matters 173 CHAPTER 9 Foreign Policy Implications and New Trends 174 Islamic Activism in the Twenty-First Century 177 The Future Is Now 182 Appendix 1 189 Appendix 2 197 Notes 213 Selected Bibliography 237 Index 243 ...