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INDEX Abid Raza Gujjar, Chaudhry, 66 Adalet ve Kalkinma Party (AKP, Turkey), 9, 14, 180 Afghanistan, 166–70; anti-Soviet jihad in, 93–94, 96, 142, 144–45, 166; elections in, 166–69; Islamist parties in, 154, 166–68, 170; mujahideen in, 25, 96, 144–45, 166, 167, 168; Taliban in, 96, 142, 167; US and NATO war in, 3, 67, 74, 99, 108, 145–46, 169, 174–75 Afghan Mellat party, 168, 169, 170 Ahadi, Anwar al-Haq, 169 Ahle Hadith, 28, 78, 100, 227n129 Ahl-Sunnah Wa Jamaat, 2 Ahmad, Ghulam Mirza, 95, 139 Ahmadiyya community, 1, 22, 68, 182; attacks on, 83, 95, 105, 139–41, 194 Ahmed, Ishtiaq, 214n9 Aldrich, John, 33, 34 Algeria, 128 Ali, Imam Nazim, 102 Aligarh Movement, 54, 57 All-India Muslim League. See Muslim League, All-India al-Qaeda, 2, 110, 174–75, 181 Antar, Noha, 159 anti-Americanism and -Westernism, 6, 67, 99, 100; and Afghanistan war, 74, 99; and Raymond Davis incident, 67, 222n88 Arabic language, 86, 93 Arab Spring, 107, 155, 170, 172, 177–78 Al-Arian, Essam, 162 Asad, Talal, 8 Awami League (AL), 131, 164, 165–66 243 Awami National Party (ANP), 150–53; in electoral coalitions, 93, 100, 134, 152; as secular party, 28, 151; Taliban and, 66, 152–53 Ayub Khan, Mohammad, 18, 19, 63, 88, 131 Azadikhwahan (Afghanistan), 168 Azerbaijan, 9 Balochistan, 66, 69, 99, 111, 151 Bangladesh, 163–66, 184, 185 Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), 164–66 al-Banna, Hassan, 40 Barelvis, 25–26, 100 Baxter, Craig, 62 Bengal, 164–65; 1905 partition of, 17, 53, 54 Benkirane, Abdelilah, 170 Bhargava, Rajeev, 8 Bhatti, Shahbaz, 146, 147 Bhutto, Benazir, 64, 99, 133, 136; assassination of, 2, 100, 146; in electoral contests, 15, 74, 98 Bhutto, Bilawal, 66 Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali, 93, 95, 132, 148, 150–51; Islamization of PPP program by, 15, 22, 215nn22–23; ouster and execution of, 2, 22 Bibi, Aasiya, 1, 146 bin Laden, Osama, 67 biraderi networks, 21, 25, 62 blasphemy laws, 1, 26, 146, 147 British Empire, 16–17, 51–53, 77; divide-andconquer approach of, 52–53, 58; and Indian independence movement, 57–61; and Muslims in India, 76 Brown, Jonathan, 28 244 INDEX Calcutta, 53 Catholic Church, 36, 46; and confessional parties, 13–14, 33, 34 Chandra, Kanchan, 36, 49 ‘‘Changing Minds, Winning Peace,’’ 186–87 Christian democratic parties, 13–14 Clark, Janine, 39, 40 Collins, Kathleen, 112–13 Communist Party (Bangladesh), 165 constitution, Pakistani, 21, 138, 150–51, 182, 221n48; Islam and, 26, 61, 64–65 Convention Muslim League, 131, 132 Copts, 162, 163 corruption, 6, 19, 63, 67, 69, 107, 136, 146, 164; allegations of Bhutto government, 74, 133; pledges to eliminate, 70, 71, 171, 172; sharia law and, 89, 101 Council Muslim Lodge, 131, 132 Cox, Gary, 32, 34 Dar ul-Ulum, 76, 79, 92, 143 Davis, Raymond, 67, 222n88 Da’wat-e Islami (Afghanistan), 168 democracy, 18, 62, 101, 159, 160; and Islam, 8–9, 112–13, 115; Muslim, 13–16; in Pakistan, 17–21; patronage, 19, 36, 129, 130; political party behavior in, 130; popular attitudes toward, 8, 27, 109, 122, 213–14n2; social media and, 182 Democratic Party (Afghanistan), 168 Deobandi movement, 76–78, 96, 143, 227n129 Diamond, Larry, 45–46, 62 Difa-e-Pakistan Council, 68–69, 101 Dir region, 142 Djerejian, Edward, 186–87 Doctrine of Lapse, 52 Dogar, Sardar Ebad, 66 Downs, Anthony, 31–32, 72, 130, 132, 148 East India Company, 16, 51–52 East Pakistan, 22, 131, 132, 163–64. See also Bangladesh education, 112, 176, 182, 183; public, 26, 86, 102; religious school system, 23–24, 25, 56, 77, 85–86, 120. See also madrasahs Egypt, 158–63, 184; elections in, 107, 161–62; Muslim Brotherhood in, 40, 94, 107, 159–60, 161, 179, 180 Elective Bodies Disqualification Ordinance, 19 Enforcement of Sharia Act, 135 Ershad, Hussain Mohammed, 164 extremism, 39–40, 105, 140; JI and, 14–15, 137–38, 141–43, 149; JUI and, 145, 146–49; in KPK province, 141–42, 145; Muslim democrats and, 72, 74; nomenclature on, 12; PML move toward, 132–37; and political expediency, 6, 72, 106; poverty seen as cause of, 107, 108, 175; shariasecular model on, 44–45, 131, 169; strategic , 43–44; Western assumptions about, 107–8 Fair, C. Christine, 27, 107–8, 113, 117 El Fassi, Abbas, 171 fatwas, 28, 76, 102–3 Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), 110, 145, 228n157 Fiorina, Morris, 219n48 Fowler, James H., 116 Freedom and Justice Party (FJP...

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