American Spies: Espionage against the United States from the Cold War to the Present

Notes

305 Notes Introduction 1. Sulick, Spying in America. 2. Lloyd, Guinness Book of Espionage, 9. 3. Weinstein and Vassiliev, Haunted Wood. 4. For further information on the Venona Project, see Benson and Warner, Venona; Haynes and Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage; Romerstein and Breindel, Venona Secrets; and West, Venona. 5. Redmond, “America Pays the Price.” 6. The requirement is included in the Intelligence Authorization Act of 1995, HR 4299, 103rd Congress, Section 811, (c) (A): “The head of each department or agency within the Executive branch shall ensure that the Federal Bureau of Investigation is advised immediately of any information, regardless of its origin, which indicates that classified information is being, or may have been, disclosed in an unauthorized manner to a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power.” http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?c103:5:./ temp/~c1032llk3Y:e103236:. 7. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, 529. 8. Herbig and Wiskoff, Espionage, 21. This excellent study covers 150 espionage cases and provides an array of statistics regarding motivations and other factors to determine trends that may help security investigators spot potential spies. The book will be referred to hereafter as the PERSEREC study. 9. Brenner, “Strategic Counterintelligence.” 10. Herbig and Wiskoff, Espionage, 69. Notes 306 11. US Central Intelligence Agency, “Woolsey, Testimony at Confirmation Hearing.” 12. Gertz, Enemies, 6–7; Sims, “Democracies and Counterintelligence,” in Vaults, Mirrors & Masks, ed. Sims and Gerber, 2. See also Wise, Tiger Trap, 6: “China has in many ways become America’s chief rival.” 13. Cited by Church, “Justice.” 14. Nasheri, Economic Espionage, 59. 15. Sun Tzu, Art of War, 148. 16. In some cases, where the identities of America’s penetrations of foreign intelligence services have been discussed in publicly available sources, their role in unmasking American spies will be discussed here. In more recent espionage cases of which I am aware through my government service, the identities of sources must remain secret. The author not only has a legal restraint in discussing classified information but also a moral obligation to those agents since the CIA makes commitments to protect their security. If the discussions of some cases appear to gloss over the exposure of an American spy, I am fulfilling those obligations to protect sources—but even without those details, the stories are still compelling. 17. Cherkashin and Feifer, Spy Handler, 54. 18. For a comprehensive treatment of Weisband and Hall, see Sulick, Spying in America, pt. 4, chap. 2, and pt. 5, chap. 3. 19. Herbig and Wiskoff, Espionage, 8. 20. Ibid., 9. 21. Ibid., 9–10. 22. Eig, “Classified Information Procedures Act.” 23. The history of Venona by John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr provides a list of 349 spies, some identified by name and others, still unidentified, by code name that were surfaced in the project. The authors also include a list of 170 more Soviet spies of the era who were identified by other sources; Haynes and Klehr, Venona, 339, 371. Since that publication, the Center for Counterintelligence and Security Studies has compiled a list of 541 sources; Center for Counterintelligence and Security Studies, “American Agents.” Population statistics are from http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade40.html. 24. FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics. 25. Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive, “Foreign Spies Stealing,” 9. 26. US Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, “Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Ability,” 2. 27. Constantin, “2012 Will See Rise.” 28. Smith, “Cyber-Threats Pose ‘Existential Threat.’” Chapter 1 1. Zinn, People’s History of the US, 436. 2. For further information on Abel, see Rafalko, Counterintelligence Reader, 3:49–51; and Bernikow, Abel. 3. Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, 146. 4. Ibid., 148. Notes 307 5. For further information on Hayhanen, see Rafalko, Counterintelligence Reader, 3:51–55. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid., 175. 8. Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only, 212–13. 9. According to a book published in Russia, Smith was the first CIA officer recruited by the KGB; Kolpakiki, Vneshnyaya razvedki Rossii, 70. Another former CIA officer, Tennent Bagley, believes that Smith might have compromised Pyotr Popov and speculates that Smith may have also assisted the KGB in recruiting another mole in the KGB; Bagley, Spy Wars, 69–79. Bagley is a staunch believer that KGB defector Yuriy Nosenko was a double agent dispatched to prove that the Soviets had no involvement with John F. Kennedy ’s assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, which is...