Work and the Welfare State: Street-Level Organizations and Workfare Politics

Index

INDEX Figures, notes, and tables are indicated by ‘‘f,’’ ‘‘n,’’ and ‘‘t’’ following page numbers. Abello, David, 212 Abt Associates, 44 accountability: in British New Deal, 240–42; cost containment and number of hours worked, 73, 74; performance measurement as method of, 26–27, 98. See also redress and accountability in US welfare agencies Acs, Gregory, 80 activation policies. See European workfare; workfare; work-first strategies; specific countries active labor-market policy (ALMP), 57, 60, 61–64, 103, 104–5. See also workfare adjudicator judges and adjudicative officers: and British New Deal, 239–40, 247n22, 248n36; and US welfare system, 257, 262–66 Adler, Michael, 15, 30–31, 229, 276 administrative barriers to income support, 149–52, 165n12. See also bureaucratic red tape administrative exclusion, 30 administrative justice, 275–76; and British normative models, 238–39, 239t, 276; and workfare in practice, 13, 275–76 advocacy: limited use of, 160; voice, rights, and redress, 28–32, 240–42, 249–67 affirmative action, 171 agents of the state, SLOs as, 17, 19–20 315 Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 47–48; entitlement policy of, 164n2; and work requirements, 64 Allison, Graham, 20 ALMP. See active labor market policy American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees survey of caseworkers , 165n12 appeals. See redress and accountability Arnold, R. Douglas, 33n4 Aspen Institute, 51 Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management, 44 Australia, employment services for the disabled, 15, 209–25, 275; aged pension, effect of change in age requirement for, 211; background, 210–11; caseworkers’ beliefs and biases about target population, 213; Disability Employment Network (DEN), 211–12, 213; Disability Employment Service (DES), 211; and disability rights movement, 213; Disability Support Pension (DSP), 211, 215, 216; focus on efficiency over effectiveness , 212; job-capacity assessments (JCAs), 211, 217–20; Job Network, 212, 213, 220; mediating social identity, 210, 220–23; and medical model of disability, 219, 223; methods and purpose of study, 216–17; recognition of right not to work, 316 inde Australia (continued) 214; and social model of disability, 213, 215–16, 219, 223; transfer to Newstart, 216, 217; and welfare-to-work policies, 210–16 autonomy: individual autonomy in context of disability, 215, 218, 224; of states, 146, 164n4, 165n6 ‘‘bad jobs,’’ 26, 81, 277 Baldwin, John, 240–41 banking industry, annual turnover rates in, 77 Barbier, Jean-Claude, 22, 57, 66n1, 281n5 Bartels, Larry M., 28 benefits dependency, 6, 15n3 benevolent community, 38–39, 51 Bernhardt, Annette, 79 best practices, 93, 128, 129 Blair, Tony, 230, 231, 232 Blau, Peter M., 169 block grants: Dutch social assistance reforms, 92, 93, 95, 100–101, 102n7; TANF, 67n13 Bonoli, Giuliano, 7–8 Borghi, Vando, 107 Bouckaert, Geert, 100 British New Deal, 15, 30–31, 229–48, 276; accountability, 238–44; administrative justice, normative models of, 238–39; benefit fraud, 232, 245–46n8; benefits for the low paid (in-work benefits), 231; Beveridge Report, 230; change in contract between state and individual, 235; conditionality as central to activation , 229, 236–38; Council Tax Benefit, 231, 245n3; drug use, 233–34; Family Credit, 231, 245n3; features of, 231–32, 246nn14–15; future trends, 279; Housing Benefit, 231, 245n3; institutional discrimination against migrants, 170; Jobcentre Plus, 232, 240, 241, 242, 246n17, 246n21, 247nn25–26, 248n32; Jobseeker’s Allowance (JSA), 231, 233, 234; merits review, 241, 248n28; new sanctions regime, 235–38; oral hearings on appeal, 247n27; organizational changes in adjudicating casework, 239–40; personal advisers (PAs) for job seekers, 231, 240, 241, 243–44, 247n25; policy implications for sanctions regime, 242–44; post-2007 welfare reforms, 232–35; public attitude toward benefit claimants, 232, 245n6; redress rights and accountability, 240–42; restart interviews , 235; sanctioning, 231, 235–38, 242–44; shift from passive to active approach to, 229, 230–35; Social Fund, 247n26; Social Security Act (1986), 247n26; Social Security Act (1998), 240; unemployment rates, 234, 246n7; unemployment trap, 231, 245n4; Welfare Reform Act (2007), 233; Welfare Reform Act (2009), 233; Welfare Reform Act (2012), 247n26; work-capability assessment test, 233, 246n10; Working Families Tax Credit, 245n3; Youth Training Scheme (YTS), 230 Brodkin, Evelyn Z., 3, 14, 15, 17, 30, 57, 70, 143, 210, 225, 243–44, 247n25, 255, 271 Brown, Gordon, 230, 232 Brussig, Martin, 15, 31, 32, 185, 275 budget deficit, 39 bureaucratic judges, 257–62 bureaucratic rationality, 251 bureaucratic red tape: in Chicago welfare offices, 149–51; in Dutch social assistance , 99; and race and ethnicity...