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Notes Introduction 1.“Millions Join Global Anti-War Protests,”BBC News, February 17,2003,http://news .bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2765215.stm; GuinnessWorld Records 2007, ed.Craig Glenday (New York: Bantam Books, 2006), 216; Robert McFadden, “Threats and Responses: Overview; From New York to Melbourne, Cries for Peace,” New York Times, February 16, 2003, final ed., sec. 1, p. 1. 2. McFadden, “Threats and Responses,” 1; “Weekend’s Protests End; San Franciscans Stage Massive Antiwar Rally,” San Antonio Express-News, February 17, 2003, metro ed., sec. A, p. 8; Chris Gray, Oliver Prichard, and Sam Wood, “A Global Peace March in Philadelphia and across World, Millions Say No to War,” Philadelphia Inquirer, February 16, 2003, sec. A, p. 1, http://articles.philly.com/2003-02-16/news/25450305_1_antiwarsigns -demonstration-previous-rally; Maria Elena Baca, “Faces of Protest,” Minneapolis (Minnesota) Star Tribune, February 19, 2003, sec. E, p. 1. Official estimates place the New York crowd at 100,000, although estimates range upward to 400,000. In all likelihood, the crowd was somewhere between the extremes. 3. Frank Luntz, quoted in Todd Purdum, “The Nation: Focus Groups? To Bush, the Crowd Was a Blur,” New York Times, February 23, 2003, late ed., sec. 4, p. 5. 4. Emphasis added. Luntz,“The Nation,” p. 5. 5. George W. Bush,“Remarks at the Swearing-In Ceremony for William Donaldson as Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission and an Exchange with Reporters, February 18, 2003,” Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: George W. Bush, 2001–2009, vol. 3, bk. 1 (Washington, DC: GPO, 2006), 181. 6.David Levasseur,“The Role of Public Opinion in Policy Argument:An Examination of Public Opinion Rhetoric in the Federal Budget Process,” Argumentation and Advocacy 41 (2005): 153. 7.J.Michael Hogan,“Public Opinion andAmerican Foreign Policy:The Case of Illusory Support for the Panama Canal Treaties,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 71 (1985): 312. 8. Fay Lomax Cook, Jason Barabas, and Benjamin I. Page,“Invoking Public Opinion: Policy Elites and Social Security,” Public Opinion Quarterly 66 (2002): 236; Catherine Paden and Benjamin I. Page, “Congress Invokes Public Opinion on Welfare Reform,” American Politics Research 31 (2003): 670. 9. Amy Fried and Timothy Cole, “Talking about Public Opinion and Public Opinion YET to Come: Media and Legislator Constructions of Public Opinion in the ClintonLewinsky Scandal,” Communication Review 4 (2001): 119. 10. J. Michael Hogan, The Nuclear Freeze Campaign: Rhetoric and Foreign Policy in the Telepolitical Age (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1994), 121. 138฀ •฀ Notes to Pages 2-5 11.Hogan,The Nuclear Freeze Campaign; Hogan,“Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy”; J. Michael Hogan, Woodrow Wilson’s Western Tour: Rhetoric, Public Opinion, and the League of Nations (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006). 12. Bush,“Remarks at the Swearing-In Ceremony,” 181. 13. Bush,“Remarks at the Swearing-In Ceremony,” 182–83. 14. Richard Benedetto, “In a Representative Democracy, We Elect Our Presidents to Lead, Not Follow the Crowd,” USA Today, February 24, 2003, http://www.usatoday.com/ news/opinion/columnist/benedetto/2003–02–24-benedetto_x.htm. Benedetto made this argument in defending Bush’s response. 15. Bush,“Remarks at the Swearing-In Ceremony,” 181. 16. Throughout his term in office, Bush expressed the need for a strong leader, one who would stand on principle rather than be swayed by “polls and focus groups.” These remarks span his entire presidency, from his first televised campaign debate against Al Gore, on October 3, 2000, to an interview on March 19, 2008, and multiple points in between. George W. Bush, “October 3, 2000: The First Gore-Bush Presidential Debate,” Commission on Presidential Debates, http://www.debates.org/index.php?page=october3 -2000-transcript; George W. Bush,“Interview with Master Sergeant Erin Roberts of the Pentagon Channel,” March 19, 2008, in Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents: Administration of George W. Bush, vol. 44, no. 11 (Washington, DC: GPO, 2008), 410. 17. Numerous media commentators addressed this presumption of responsiveness, some condemning Bush for not heeding public opinion. See, for example, Gary Fields, “Peace throughWar: Orwell Revisited,”San Diego Union-Tribune, March 21,2003,sec.B,p. 9; Philip Kennicott,“Borne in Effigy; If Protest Is Theater, Its Biggest Actors Are Puppets,” Washington Post, March 17, 2003, final ed., sec. C, p. 1; Jane Eisner,“How a Little Listening Could Change History: Should Bush Listen to the Protests?”Philadelphia Inquirer, February 20, 2003, sec. A, p. 19; Maureen Dowd,“Ready or Not. . . ,” New York Times...

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