The Other Great Migration: The Movement of Rural African Americans to Houston, 1900-1941

Index

index Note: Page numbers in italics indicate figures and tables; those in bold indicate maps. Abiding Courage (Lemke-Santangelo), 257 Abner, David, Jr., 95 absentee landlords, 85–86, 130 accommodationism Booker T. Washington on, 147 and culture of slavery, 147–48, 149–50 healthcare professionals, 131 in “New Negro” movement, 177– 78, 182 and political apathy, 181–82 and self-help in public schools, 120–25 v. integration, 97 and White hegemony, 148–49 Acres Homes, 65, 80, 81, 91–92 Adair, Christia (nee Daniels), 23, 82, 110, 176–77 Adair, Elbert, 23, 82, 176 Adams, Luther, 9, 274 advertisements and migration appeal, 42, 44–45, 51 Africa, identification with, 21–22, 112, 188 African American Pentecostal (AAP) sect, 112–13 African Americans. See Blackness, culture of; racial consciousness; racial identity Afro-American Baptist Church, 101 age of migrants, overviews, 34–35, 229, 257–58 agency. See community agency Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), 253, 272, 273–74 agriculture Depression era effects on, 265–66, 272, 274 rural hardships and migration, 11, 30, 53, 77, 281 tenant farming, 22–24, 272, 274, 293n 11 See also cotton industry Alabama, migration from, 30, 54, 82, 103 Alexander, Alfred, 81 Alfred, James g., 168 Allen, Richard, 100 Allen brothers (Augustus Chapman and John Kirby), 25 Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority (AKA), 70, 71, 107, 262 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 217 American Mutual Benefit Association building, 204 American Woodmen, 103 Ames, Jesse Harriet Daniels, 153 Ancient Order of Pilgrims, 102, 243, 259 See also Pilgrim Building/Temple Index 432 Anderson, L. C., 58 Andrews, R. T., 43 annexation of communities, 28, 82, 85, 86, 160, 377n 99 Antioch (Missionary) Baptist Church, 100, 107, 111, 112, 144 anti-Semitism, 29, 84 Apollo Theater Band, 197 Apostolic Faith movement, 113 Aragon Ballroom, 189, 196 Archia, Richie Dell, 188–89, 190, 202–3 Archia, Tom, 187–91 Archie/a, Ernest Alvin, Jr. (and family), 187–88 See also Archia, Tom Aristocrat Records, 190 Army, US and Houston Riot, 141–42 Army Reorganization Act, 338n 1 Arnesen, Eric, 270 1906 Art and Literary Club, 109 arts, visual, 207–12 arts and culture. See cultural Renaissance and “New Negro” movement Association of Colored Trainmen and Locomotive Firemen (ACT), 271 Association of Railway Trainmen, 19 Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL), 153–54 At Freedom’s Edge (Cohen), 219 Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, 25 Atkins, Jasper Alston, 167 Austin, Bertha Lee, 76 Austin County, migration from, 1, 272 Azusa Street Revival, 113 B. B. King, 206 Bailey, Ernestine Mae, 182 Baker, James Addison, Sr., 72, 149 Baker, James Otis “Pap,” 267–68 Baker, Newton, 141–42 Baltimore, Charles, 145–46 Banks, W. R., 153 Baptist Association for African Americans , 100 Baptist religion and churches, overview, 111–12 See also individual churches Baptist university, support for, 171–72 Barclay, DeWitt Farris, 62 Baron Rouge, Louisiana, 91 Barr, Alwyn, 32 beauty industry, 56, 239–40, 241, 277 bebop, 190 bed and breakfast inns, 79–80 Bell, John Brown, 100, 149, 244 Bellville (Texas), migration from, 1–2, 46, 272 benefits organizations, 102–3, 104–5, 245, 259, 260 benevolent societies, 101–6 See also service organizations Benjamin, Karen, 118 Bethel Baptist Church, 107 Bethlehem Center, 107 Bethune, Mary McLeod, 60, 63 “Big Boss Man,” 195–96 “big-foot swing,” 197 bigotry, defense strategies, 55–56 Bilbo, Theodore, 190 “Bilbo is Dead,” 190 Bill Pinkard quartet, 189 binary migration, 50 Birth of a Nation (film), 159 Bishop College, 55, 208–9 Black Brains Trust, 63 Black Cabinet (Federal Council of Negro Affairs), 63 Black History and Black Identity (Wright, W. D.), 297–98n 21 “Black” terminology issues, 297–98n 21 Black Urban Professionals (BUPPIES), 247 Blackness, culture of activism for, 43 embracing under accommodation stance, 87 Index 433 emergence, 12, 98 fear of and White supremacy, 219 and music/arts, influence of, 187, 188, 191, 192, 207, 212 physical beauty and Black/White dichotomy, 239, 240 Black-on-Black crime, 182–83 Blackwelder, Julia, 239 Blair, Barbara, 22 Blue Triangle branch of YWCA, 96, 107 blues culture, 195–96 Booker T. Washington High School, 58–59, 73, 123, 124, 238 Boy Scouts of America, 19, 107 Boyd, Archie and Emily, 256–57 Boze, Calvin, 189 Bradford, Bobby, 364n 35 Brazoria County, migration from, 69, 163 Brazos County, migration from, 173 Brazos River, 67 Brewer, John Mason, 193 bridges, cultural, 53, 78, 89, 109, 175, 191...