Shocking the Conscience: A Reporter's Account of the Civil Rights Movement

Notes

313 Notes CHAPTER 1 1. See, e.g., Douglas Brinkley, The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), pp. 404–6, and 431–32. 2. Simeon Booker, Ticker Tape USA, Jet, June 16, 1955, p. 9. 3. Aaron Henry’s autobiography gives vivid, firsthand accounts of the bombings and other attacks he and his family endured because of his civil rights activities. Aaron Henry and Constance Curry, Aaron Henry: The Fire Ever Burning (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000), pp. 141–44. 4. See Ralph Eubanks, Ever Is a Long Time: A Journey into Mississippi’s Dark Past (New York: Basic Books, 2003). 5. Jet, Apr. 21, 1955. CHAPTER 4 1. Rosenwald’s friendship and collaboration with Booker T. Washington is described in a well-researched and fascinating book by Stephanie Deutsch, You Need a Schoolhouse (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2011). 2. Letter from Camp Devins, MA, http://www.org/amerianexperience/features/ primary-resources/influenza-letter. CHAPTER 5 1. Shortly before her death, Mamie Till-Mobley wrote a very moving memoir of her life before and after Emmett’s murder, Death of Innocence (New York: Random House, 2003), with my former Ebony colleague Christopher Benson, whom she trusted to help her tell her story. 2. Simeon Wright and Herb Boyd, Simeon’s Story: An Eyewitness Account of the Kidnapping of Emmett Till (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2010), p. 50. 3. Ibid. at p. 51. Notes 314 CHAPTER 6 1. Memorandum for the Record from E. Frederick Morrow, Nov. 22, 1955. http:// www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/civil_rights_emmett_till_ case/1955_11_22_MDR_re_Till.pdf. 2. Memorandum from Max Rabb to James Hagerty, Oct. 23, 1956. http://www .eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/civil_rights_emmett_till_case.html. 3. Memorandum from Max Rabb to Colonel Goodpastor, Jan. 6, 1956. http://www .eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/civil_rights_emmett_till_case.html. CHAPTER 8 1. Memorandum, SAC [Special Agent-in-Charge] Cleveland to Director, FBI, Oct. 22, 1951. 2. Jet, Feb. 9, 1956. 3. Memorandum from Milton Jones to Louis Nichols re: “Simeon S. Booker, Jr.,” May 27, 1957, p. 3. 4. Jet, Mar. 15, 1956, p. 10–13. 5. May 27, 1957, memorandum, supra, p. 3. 6. Farmer described the lynching he was headed for in Plaquemine, Louisiana, when the FBI intervened—albeit not at all to the extent they might or should have. James Farmer: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1998), p. 253. 7. Cartha D. DeLoach, Hoover’s FBI: The Inside Story by Hoover’s Trusted Lieutenant (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 1995), pp. 203–205. 8. Juan Williams, Thurgood Marshall; American Revolutionary (New York: Random House, 1998), pp. 158–62. 9. Letter from [name illegible or deleted] to Marvin Watson, Special Assistant to the President, Aug. 5, 1966. 10. These documents are available at the Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum website at: http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/ civil_rights_emmett_till_case.html. CHAPTER 9 1. Earl Warren, The Memoirs of Chief Justice Earl Warren (New York: Doubleday, 1977), p. 289. 2. Till-Mobley and Benson, Death of Innocence, p. 207. CHAPTER 10 1. “Daisy Bates: Arkansas Fighter,” Jet, Oct. 17, 1957, pp. 6–9. Notes 315 2. Ibid. 3. Jet, Mar. 3, 1955. 4. Jet, Oct. 10, 1957, p. 6. 5. Jet, Sept. 25, 1958, p. 6. CHAPTER 11 1. E. Frederic Morrow, Black Man in the White House (New York: Macfadden Books, 1963), p. 130. 2. This is Morrow’s diary entry for Feb. 28, 1956. Morrow, p. 33. 3. President Eisenhower news conference Jul. 7, 1954. http://www.presidency.ucsb .edu/ws/index.php. 4. Evening Star, Jul. 7, 1954, p. 1. 5. Letter to President Dwight D. Eisenhower from Val Washington, Director of Minorities, Republican National Committee, Jul. 15, 1957. 6. Roy Wilkins, Standing Fast: The Autobiography of Roy Wilkins (New York: Da Capo Press, 1994), p. 246. 7. Jet, Nov. 28, 1957, p. 4. 8. “Negro Leaders Irked as Ike Asks ‘Patience’ at ‘Summit’,” Jet, May 29, 1958, pp. 8–10. 9. Jet, May 29, 1958, p. 31. 10. Memorandum for the Files, “Meeting of Negro Leaders with the President—June 23, 1958; Rocco Siciliano, Jun. 24, 1958; http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/ online_documents/civil_rights. 11. Jet, July 10, 1958, p. 14. 12. Simeon Booker, “The Last Days of J. Ernest Wilkins,” Ebony, Mar. 1959, pp. 141–146. 13. Ebony, May 1960, p. 42. CHAPTER 12...