153 notes Introduction 1. Laura Pulido, Black, Brown, Yellow and Left: Radical Activism in Los Angeles (Berkeley: U of California P, 2006) and Daryl Maeda, “Black Panthers, Red Guards, and Chinamen: Constructing Asian American Identity through Performing Blackness, 1969–1972,” American Quarterly 57.4 (2005): 1079–1103. 2. Vijay Prashad, Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity (Boston: Beacon P, 2002), xii. 3. One indicator of the strength of this metaphor is the surprising number of mentions of “movements” that borrowed or signified upon the name. A review of newspapers in the Alternative Press Collection at the University of California at Santa Barbara revealed mentions of Gay Power, Pussy Power, White Power (a radical leftist version dedicated to building revolutionary coalitions ), and Girl Power, as well as the more familiar Red, Yellow, and Brown Power. 4. Robin D. G. Kelley and Betsy Esch, “Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution,” in Afro Asia: Revolutionary Political and Cultural Connections between African Americans and Asian Americans, ed. Fred Ho and Bill Mullen (Durham, NC: Duke U P, 2008), 100. 5. Stokely Carmichael and Charles Hamilton, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America (New York: Vintage Books, 1967), 47. 6. Mae Henderson, “‘Where, by the Way, Is This Train Going?’: A Case for Black (Cultural) Studies.” Callaloo 19.1 (1996): 60–67. 7. Henderson, 63. For more on Black Studies assessments of British Cultural Studies, see Manthia Diawara, “Cultural Studies/Black Studies,” in Borders , Boundaries, and Frames: Essays in Cultural Criticism and Cultural Studies, ed. Mae G. Henderson (New York: Routledge, 1995), 202–211, and Houston Baker et al., eds., Black British Cultural Studies: A Reader (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1996). 8. Henderson, 63. 9. For assessments of Asian American studies, see Gary Okihiro et al., Re- flections on Shattered Windows: Promises and Prospects for Asian American Studies (Pullman, WA: Washington S U P, 1988); Shirley Hune et al., Asian Americans : Comparative and Global Perspectives (Pullman, WA: Washington S U P, 1991); Gail M. Nomura, Frontiers of Asian American Studies: Writing, Research 154 Notes and Commentary (Pullman, WA: Washington S U P, 1989); Peter Kiang, “Asian American Studies: Moving into the Third Decade,” in Gidra: Twentieth Anniversary Edition (Los Angeles: Gidra, 1989); and Lisa Lowe, “Canon, Institutionalization , Identity: Contradictions for Asian American Studies,” in The Ethnic Canon: Histories, Institutions, and Interventions (Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1995). For assessments of African American Studies, see Houston Baker, “Discovering America: Generational Shifts, Afro-American Literary Criticism, and the Study of Expressive Culture,” in Blues, Ideology and Afro-American Literature (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1984), 64–112. 10. Angadipuram Appadorai, The Bandung Conference (New Delhi: The Indian Council of World Affairs, 1955). 11. Ibid., 28. 12. Grace Lee Boggs, Living for Change: An Autobiography (Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1998). This book chronicles the lives of Boggs and her husband, James “Jimmy” Boggs. 13. Carolyn Skaug, “Black Studies,” in Crisis at San Francisco State (San Francisco: Insight, 1969), 21–23. 14. For more on AfroAsian Studies, see Bill Mullen’s Afro-Orientalism (2004); Vijay Prashad, Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting (2002); Daniel Kim, Writing Manhood in Black and Yellow: Ralph Ellison, Frank Chin, and the Literary Politics of Identity (2005); and Laura Pulido, Black, Brown, Yellow, and Left (2006). See also anthologies such as AfroAsian Encounters: Culture, History, Politics (2006), edited by Heike Raphael-Hernandez and Shannon Steen, and Afro Asia: Revolutionary Political and Cultural Connections Between African Americans and Asian Americans (2008), edited by Fred Ho and Bill Mullen. 15. James E. Smethurst, The Black Arts Movement: Literary Nationalism in the 1960s and 1970s (Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2005), 4. 16. See, among others, Calvin Hernton, “The Sexual Mountain and Black Women Writers,” Black American Literature Forum 18.4 (1984): 139–145; Combahee River Collective, “A Black Feminist Statement,” in This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, ed. Cherríe Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa (New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color P, 1981), 210–218; and bell hooks, Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black (Boston, MA: South End P, 1989). 17. See, among others, Anthony Appiah, “The Uncompleted Argument: Du Bois and the Illusion of Race,” in “Race,” Writing, and Difference, ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1986), 21–37; Homi Bhabha, “Locations of Culture” and “The Postcolonial and the Postmodern: The Question of Agency,” in The Location of...