Upstaging the Cold War: American Dissent and Cultural Diplomacy, 1940-1960

Notes

215 Notes Abbreviations Used in the Notes CART Continuity Acceptance Reports, NBC, WHS CBLP Clare Boothe Luce Papers, LC DDEL Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Abilene, KS DOSB Department of State Bulletin DOSP David O. Selznick Papers, HRC DSP Dore Schary Papers, WHS DTP Dalton Trumbo Papers, WHS FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States HDCP Hollywood Democratic Committee Papers, WHS HRC Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, Austin, TX HSTL Harry S Truman Presidential Library, Independence, MO HUAC House Committee on Un-American Activities, NA JRP Joseph L. Rauh Jr. Papers, LC LC Library of Congress, Washington, DC LHP Lillian Hellman Papers, HRC NA National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC NBC National Broadcasting Company collections, WHS NTP Niles Trammell Papers, NBC, WHS PNP Paul H. Nitze Papers, LC RG Record Group RSP Rod Serling Papers, WHS SEP Sidney H. Eiges Papers, NBC, WHS SISS Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, NA SPWP Sylvester (Pat) Weaver Papers, NBC, WHS TWP Tennessee Williams Papers, HRC USIA United States Information Agency WBP William F. Brooks Papers, NBC, WHS WHS Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison, WI Portions of this book were published in an earlier form as “Reading Between the Lines: Negotiating National Identity on American Television, 1945–1960,” Diplomatic History 28, no. 2 (April 2004): 197–225, and are reproduced here by permission. 216 Notes to Pages 1–7 Introduction 1. David Gelernter, 1939: The Lost World of the Fair (New York: Avon Books, 1995), 7. 2. Joel Engel, Rod Serling: The Dreams and Nightmares of Life in the Twilight Zone (Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1989), 78. 3. Robert Haddow, Pavilions of Plenty: Exhibiting American Culture Abroad in the 1950s (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997), 31. 4. Ibid., 36. 5. Ibid., 18–37; Paul Hoffman, Peace Can Be Won (New York: Doubleday, 1951), 34. 6. Rockwell painted Nixon on occasion, including for the cover of the Saturday Evening Post a few months later. 7. Haddow, Pavilions of Plenty, 213. 8. Untitled Hollywood Reporter clipping, December 30, 1959, SISS, box 113, Films and Plays file, RG 46, NA. 9. On earlier attempts at using culture to create an American national identity, see Eve Kornfeld, Creating an American Culture, 1775–1800 (Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2001); and John Kasson, Amusing the Million: Coney Island at the Turn of the Century (New York: Hill and Wang, 1978), among others. These historians have examined these processes and emphasize contestation. 10. The idea that the era is noteworthy for its general consensus is put forth in William O’Neill, American High: The Years of Confidence, 1945–1960 (New York: Free Press, 1986). The historical literature on domestic communism and anticommunism is bountiful, especially since scholars gained access to the archives of the former Soviet Union. Although differences exist—and often become heated debates—most studies agree on certain premises: the American anticommunist movement encompassed more individuals than Joseph McCarthy; anxiety was based, in part, on legitimate concerns about the activities of domestic communists who maintained communication with Moscow; and too many political opportunists exaggerated the threat, promoted Red hysteria, and used their influence to harm many innocent victims. For example, see Les Adler and Thomas G. Paterson, “Red Fascism: The Merger of Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia in the American Image of Totalitarianism, 1930’s–1950’s,” American Historical Review 75, no. 4 (April 1970): 1046–1064; Richard Fried, Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective (New York: Oxford, 1991); John Earl Haynes, “The Cold War Debate Continues: A Traditionalist View of Historical Writing on Domestic Communism and AntiCommunism ,” Journal of Cold War Studies 2, no. 1 (2000): 76–115; Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Fredrik Firsov, The Secret World of American Communism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995); Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Kyrill Anderson, The Soviet World of American Communism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998); John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999); David Oshinsky , A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy (New York: Free Press, 1983); Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1998); and Jacob Weisberg, “Cold War without End,” New York Times Magazine, November 28, 1999, 116–123, 155–158. 11. Ideology, public opinion, and popular culture appear to be vital components in any study of the Cold War. Indeed, historian Elaine Tyler May has explained that Notes to Pages 7...