307 In troduction 1. The four presidents directly involved in this story are Ulysses S. Grant, James Garfield , William McKinley, and Theodore Roosevelt. A fifth, Union veteran Benjamin Harrison , was in office when the park was created. Early histories of the campaign written by Union veterans include Henry Cist, The Army of the Cumberland, Campaigns of the Civil War (New York: Scribner’s and Sons, 1892) and Thomas Van Horne, History of the Army of the Cumberland, Its Organization, Campaigns, and Battles, 2 volumes (Cincinnati, Ohio: Robert Clarke & Co., 1875). Archibald Gracie, The Truth About Chickamauga (published by the author, 1911; facsimile reprint, Dayton, Ohio: Morningside Books, 1997) takes on some of the controversies on both sides. Among modern histories, the most useful are Glenn Tucker, Chickamauga: Bloody Battle in the West (Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1961; reprint, Dayton, Ohio: Morningside Books, 1992); Steven Woodworth, Six Armies in Tennessee : The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998) and, as editor of The Chickamauga Campaign, Civil War Campaigns in the Heartland Series, Steven D. Woodworth, series editor (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2010); Peter Cozzens, This Terrible Sound: The Battle of Chickamauga (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), which was followed by The Shipwreck of Their Hopes: The Battles for Chattanooga (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994). 2. Note that the uses of memory and rituals in non-literate societies often serve as primary sources of information on the past as part of a broadly defined “oral tradition.” Maurice Halbwachs, The Collective Memory, translated from La Memoire Collective (New York: Harper Colophone Books, 1980); Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1989); David Lowenthal, The Past Is a Foreign Country (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 185–239. 3. For a general discussion of memory and tradition, see Eric Hobsbawm, “Introduction : Inventing Traditions,” in The Invention of Tradition, ed. Eric Hobsbawm and Terrence Ranger (Cambridge, 1984); W. Fitzhugh Brundage, “No Deed But Memory,” in Where These Memories Grow: History, Memory, and Southern Identity, ed. W. Fitzhugh Brundage (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 1–28; Anthony Molho and Gordon S. Wood, eds. Imagined Histories: American Historians Interpret the Past (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998), 16–18; David Lowenthal, Possessed by the Past: The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History (New York: The Free Press, 1996); Pierre Nora, “Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Memoire,” Representations 26 (Spring 1989), 8. Notes 308 · Notes to pages 3–5 4. David Blight, Beyond the Battlefield: Race, Memory, and the American Civil War (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002); John Bodnar, Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992); Michael Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991); G. Kurt Piehler, Remembering War the American Way (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995); William Blair, Cities of the Dead: Contesting the Memory of the Civil War in the South, 1865–1914 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), and Edward Linenthal, Sacred Ground: Americans and Their Battlefields (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1993). 5. The terms “civic” and “popular” are used by Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 4–11; while Bodnar prefers to use “official” and “vernacular” to distinguish between dominant and subordinate memories, Remaking America, 13–15. 6. David Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press, 2001); John R. Neff, Honoring the Civil War Dead: Commemoration and the Problem of Reconciliation, Modern War Series (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005). 7. A well-documented look at Civil War reenacting can be found in R. Lee Hadden, Reliving the Civil War: A Reenactor’s Handbook (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1996), and Rory Turner, “Bloodless Battles: The Civil War Reenacted,” TDR 34, no. 4 (Winter 1990): 123–36, JSTOR; Kris Kristofferson, Nor Shall Your Glory Be Forgot: An Essay in Photographs (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999) examines reenacting through black-and-white photographs made to look somewhat like “period” photography. In addition to several scholarly journals, popular periodicals include Civil War Times Illustrated , Blue and Gray, North and South, and America’s Civil War. The History Channel’s Civil War Combat used extensive reenactor footage to illustrate generally non-partisan and non-political accounts of battles and leaders. See Geoffrey C. Ward with Ric Burns and Ken Burns, The Civil War: An...