216 index 216 Index Across the River and Into the Trees, 3–5, 34; Richard Cantwell in, 4–5 Adams, Nick: effects of war on, 162, 167; efforts to control thought, 155, 162, 163, 164n4; as expatriate, 173; as Hemingway, 170, 175–77; as “Hemingway Hero,” 152, 161–62; role of “Big Two-Hearted River” in saga of, 169; thinking about bullfighting vs. fishing, 171–73; as writer, 178, 181–84. See also specific titles Africa, 65n3, 100. See also specific titles; depictions of landscapes of, 98–100; Hemingway using as theater of action, 102–3; influence on Hemingway, 58, 104; mythic, 114, 119, 121–22; in The Old Man and the Sea, 57–58, 61–62, 64–65; Under Kilimanjaro in, 114–16, 119, 121–22 alcohol, 193; in expatriate lifestyles, 86–87, 94; Jinny flask in Under Kilimanjaro, 120–21 Aldington, Richard, 38 Aldridge, John, 87, 95n13 allusions: Eliot’s use of, 47–49, 51, 55n4; Hemingway’s use of, 55n4, 205; religious, 118, 121–22, 208–9; in Under Kilimanjaro, 116–18 Anderson, Sherwood, 41, 140–41 Antheil, George, 86 appearance, Hemingway’s, 188–89 art, 4, 8–10, 35 Augustine, Saint, 152–53, 154 autobiographical elements: in “Big TwoHearted River,” 174–75; in Death in the Afternoon, 189; Hemingway’s critique of other writers for, 175; in Hemingway’s fiction , 170; in Under Kilimanjaro, 119 The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (Stein), 127, 141 Baker, Carlos, 37, 187; on Eliot’s use of allusions , 47–49; on expatriate community, 90–91, 95n11; on Hemingway’s concern for authenticity, 89–90 Baker, Samuel, 100, 106n1 Baker, Sheridan, 175 Balassi, William, 90 Barthes, Roland, 9 baseball, in Old Man and the Sea, 59–60 Beach, Sylvia, 86, 134, 140–41 Beegel, Susan, 70, 78, 197, 204, 211 Being Geniuses Together (Boyle), 143n2; on effects of place, 135–37; integrating women ’s issues into, 130–31, 142; A Moveable Feast compared to, 128–32; on writers and community, 138, 142 Being Geniuses Together (McAlmon): Boyle editing and republishing, 127–28, 130; posturing in, 141–42 Bel Esprit, 55n3, 141 Belmonte, Juan, 195 Benjamin, Walter, 131 Benstock, Shari, 143n3 Bergson, Henri, 38, 42, 155, 163 betrayal: in The Garden of Eden stories, 208–11; loss and, 209–11; writing as Hemingway ’s escape from, 209–10 Bettelheim, Bruno, 119 Bible, allusions to, 208–9 “Big Two-Hearted River,” 161–62, 166; autobiographical elements in, 174–76; Bill Smith in, 169–71; differing interpretations index 217 of, 167–69, 173–74, 184n2; A Farewell to Arms compared to, 160–61; Hemingway ’s nostalgia for youth in, 173–74; as meditation on writing, 172, 183–84; Nick Adams in, 48, 72, 163, 164n4, 168–71 (see also Adams, Nick); Nick as writer in, 178, 181–84; Nick’s distrust of thought in, 155, 163; original ending for, 166, 169, 173, 175, 183; Part I, 48, 72; writing of, 166, 180–81 biographies, loss of Paris manuscripts in, 26n5 Bird, Bill, 39, 86, 170 Bishop, John Peale, 39 Boyle, Kay: editing and republishing McAlmon’s memoir, 127–28, 130–31, 139, 142; effects of place on writing of, 135–37; as emigrée vs. expatriate, 134–35; ignored by critics, 128–29; McAlmon and, 129–30, 142; as outsider, 129–30, 138, 140; on Paris life, 129, 133, 139–40; poverty of, 134–36; relations with other writers, 138–39, 143n4; return to Paris, 137–38 Boym, Svetlana, 200 Brague, Harry, 143n5 Bredendick, Nancy, 202n5 Breit, Harvey, 80 Brenner, Gerry, 25, 143n5 Bruccoli, Matthew J., 142 Budgen, Frank, 155 bullfighting. See also Death in the Afternoon: afición of, 188, 193; as analogy to writing, 173, 190–91, 197; Death in the Afternoon as elegy for, 187, 190, 201; decline of, 188, 190, 199–201; Hemingway claiming authority in, 195–96, 199; Hemingway’s concern for authenticity in, 90, 187–92, 195; morality of, 192–93; reception of book on, 186; taking over fishing in Hemingway’s mind, 171–73 Burgess, Anthony, 189 Burwell, Rose Marie, 4, 20, 22, 163n2 Caruth, Cathy, 19–20, 24, 26n3 cats, as totemic for Hemingway, 59 Cézanne, Hemingway’s admiration for, 178–82 Chamberlain, John, 99 Chancellor, John, 88 Charles Scribner’s Sons, 191, 201n1 Chevalier, Jean, 116, 118 childhood, Hemingway’s, 167, 170–71 Cirlot, J. E., 205 Cixous, Hélène, 12 Clark, Suzanne, 138 “A Clean Well-Lighted Place,” 161 Coates, Robert, 189 Colum, Padraic, 117 Comley, Nancy, 10 Confessions (Saint Augustine), 152...