Falcon and the Eagle: Montenegro and Austria-Hungary, 1908-1914

Notes

AMD APS BD CV DACMUD DDF DDI DMC GC GP HHStA, PA IB IZ LT MO NA NFP NYT OUA PRO, FO SSIP Z Also: Notes Abbreviations Aus meiner Dienstzeit Die auswartige Politik Serbiens British Documents on the Origins of the War Cetinjski Vjesnik Ddavni Arhiv Cetinje, Ministarstvo unutrasnjih djela Documents diplomatiques franr;ais I Documenti diplomatici italiani Ddavni Muzej Cetinje Glas Crnogorca Die grosse Politik der europaischen Kabinette Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Politisches Archiv Die internationalen Beziehungen im Zeitalter des Imperialismus Istorijski Zapisi The Times Mezhdunarodnie otnosheniia v epokhu imperializma National Archives Neue Freie Presse New York TImes 6sterreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik Public Record Office, Foreign Office Savezni Sekretarijat za inostrane poslove Zapisi m.e. morning edition a.e. afternoon edition e.e. evening edition O.S. Old Style 213 214 Notes for pages ix-xii Preface 1. Whitney Warren, Montenegro: The Crime ofthe Peace Conference (New York: Brentano's, 1922), p. 60. 2. L. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (New York: Rinehart, 1958), p.237. 3. Sidney Bradshaw Fay, The Origins of the World War, 2d ed. rev., 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1939), I: 433-34. 4. Franz Conrad von Hotzendorf, Private Aufzeichnungen: Erste Veroffentlichungen aus den Papieren des k.u.k. Generalstabs-Chefs (Vienna and Munich : Amalthea-Verlag, 1977), p. 217. 5. Fritz Fischer rekindled interest in the war guilt question and stimulated historical argument with the publication of Germany's Aims in the First World War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1967). In War ofIllusions: German Politics from 1911 to 1914, trans. Marian Jackson (London: Chatto and Windus, 1975), he examined Germany's belligerent tendencies in the years immediately before the outbreak of the First World War. 6. Edward C. Thaden, "Montenegro: Russia's Troublesome Ally, 19101912 ,"Journal ofCentral European Affairs, XVIII Ouly 1958): 111-33; Hans Heilbronner, "The Merger Attempts of Serbia and Montenegro, 19131914 ,"Journal of Central European Affairs, XVIII (October 1958): 281-91; Ernst C. Helmreich, "The Serbian-Montenegrin,Alliance of September 23/ October 6, 1912,"Journal of Central European Affairs, XIX Oanuary 1960): 411-15; Richard D. Challener, "Montenegro and the United States: A Balkan Fantasy,"Journal of Central European Affairs, XVII (October 1957): 236-42. 7. Mihailo Vojvodic, Skadarska kriza 1913. godine (Belgrade: Zavod za izdavanje udzbenika Socijalisticke Republike Srbije, 1970); Dimitrije-Dimo Vujovic, Crna Gora i Francuska 1860-1914 (Ceti~e: Obod, 1971). 8. Milosch Boghitschewitsch [Milos Bogicevic], Die auswartige Politik Serbiens, 1903-1914, 3 vols. (Berlin: Bruckenverlag, 1928-31) (hereafter cited as APS). 9. Austria-Hungary, Ministerium des Aussern, 6sterreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik von der bosnischen Krise 1908 bis zum Kriegsausbruch 19.14. Diplomatische Aktenstucke des osterreichisch-ungarischen Ministeriums des Aussern, edited by Ludwig Bittner and Hans Uebersberger, 8 vols. and index (Vienna: Osterreichischer Bundesverlag fUr Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst, 1930) (hereafter cited as OUA). 10. Russia, Komissiia po izdaniiu dokumentov epokhi imperializma, Mezhdunarodnie otnosheniia v epokhu imperializma: Dokumenti iz arkhivov tsarskogo i vremennogo pravitel'stv 1878-1917 gg. (hereafter cited as MO), ed. A. P. Bol'shemennikov, A. S. Erusalemskii, A. A. Mogilevich, and F. A. Rotshtein, 2d series: 1900-1913, vols. XVIII-XX (Moscow: Gospolizdat, 1938-40); 3d series: 1914-1917, vols. I-X (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Sotsial 'no-Ekonomicheskoe Izdatel'stvo, 1931-38). German edition: Die internationalen Beziehungen im Zeitalter des Imperialismus: Dokumente aus den Archiven der zarischen und der provisorischen Regierung, 1878-1917 (hereafter cited as IB), ed. Otto Hoetzsch (Berlin, 1931-). Notes/or pages xiii-4 215 11. Wladimir Giesl, ZweiJahrzehnte im N ahen Orient, ed. Eduard Ritter von Steinitz (Berlin: Verlag fUr Kulturpolitik, 1927); Gustav von Hubka, "Diplomatum in Montenegro," Berliner Monatshefte, XIV (August 1936): 657-62; Hubka, "Konig Nikolaus von Montenegro," Deutsche Revue, XLVI (April; June 1921): 23-32,174-84; Hubka, "Kritische Tage in Montenegro ," Berliner Monatshefte, IX (January 1931): 27-45. Two of Durham's best works are The Struggle for Scutari (Turk, Slav, and Albanian) (London: E. Arnold, 1914) and Twenty Years ofBalkan Tangle (London: G. Allen and Unwin, 1920). These and many of her other books and articles are cited throughout this study. CHAPTER ONE 1. H. C. Darby, "Montenegro," A Short History of Yugoslavia, ed. Stephen Clissold (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), p. 73. The old Montenegrin legend that begins Darby's paragraph is a familiar tale with many variants. Novelist Joyce Cary recalled this version: "When God was putting the earth together, he began with clay. It was of course easier to his thumb. When...