Small: Life and Death on the Front Lines of Pediatric Surgery

Notes

notes 1. the thread of life 1 Thomas W. Sadler, Langman’s Medical Embryology (Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2012), 63. 2 S. E. Parker, C. T. Mai, M. A. Canfield, et al., for the National Birth Defects Prevention Network, “Updated National Birth Prevalence Estimates for Selected Birth Defects in the United States, 2004–2006,” Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology (2010), http://www​.cdc​.gov​/ncbddd​/features ​/birthdefects​‑keyfindings​.html. 3 J. Petrini, K. Damus, R. Russell, K. Poschman, M. J. Davidoff, and D. Mattison, “Contribution of Birth Defects to Infant Mortality in the United States,” Teratology 66 (2002): 3–6, http://www​ .ncbi​ .nlm​ .nih​.gov​/pubmed​/12239736. 4 Sadler, Langman’s Medical Embryology, 13. 5 Ibid. 6 G. H. Valentine, “Incidence of Chromosome Disorders,” Canadian Family Physician 25 (1979): 938. 7 Alok Sharma, Simon Ford, and Jennifer Calvert, “Adaptation for Life: A Review of Neonatal Physiology,” Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine 12 (2010): 85–90. 8 Sadler, Langman’s Medical Embryology, 217. 9 Ibid., 227. 2. bunny rabbits, boston, and babies 1 Willis J. Potts, “Pediatric Surgery,” Journal of the American Medical Association 157 (1955): 629. 2 Robert E. Gross, The Surgery of Infancy and Childhood: Its Principles and Techniques (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1953), 26–29. 3 A. M. Rivera, K. W. Strauss, A. van Zundert, and E. Mortier, “The History of Peripheral Intravenous Catheters: How Little Plastic ( 208 ) notes to pages 19–26 Tubes Revolutionized Medicine,” Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 56 (2005): 277. 4 C. Everett Koop, “A Perspective on the Early Days of Pediatric Surgery,” Journal of Pediatric Surgery 34 (1999): 41. “The technique of administering fluids in those days was abysmal,” Koop wrote. One of his own children became dehydrated and was treated with a “clysis of saline injected under the skin between his scapulae. He had a ‘tumor’ on his back as big as a grapefruit.” 5 C. Everett Koop, Koop: The Memoirs of America’s Family Doctor (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992), 105. 6 Ibid. 7 Ibid., 101. 8 Ibid. 9 Ibid. 10 John G. Raffensperger, Children’s Surgery: A Worldwide History (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2012), 115. 11 Ibid. 12 Ibid. 13 Jason C. Fisher, Mark A. Hardy, and Warren D. Widmann, “Robert E. Gross: The Heart of a Surgeon,” Current Surgery 62 (2005): 496. 14 Ibid., 497. 15 J. Alex Haller, “Why Pediatric Surgery? A Personal Journey through the First 50 Years,” Annals of Surgery 237 (2003): 597– 606, quotation 597, http://www​.ncbi​.nlm​.nih​.gov​/pmc​/articles​ /PMC1514508. 16 Ibid. 17 Koop, “A Perspective on the Early Days of Pediatric Surgery,” 40. 18 Haller, “Why Pediatric Surgery?,” 598. 19 Potts, “Pediatric Surgery,” 627. 20 Ibid., 628. 21 Koop, “A Perspective on the Early Days of Pediatric Surgery,” 42; Haller, “Why Pediatric Surgery?,” 598. 22 Koop, “A Perspective on the Early Days of Pediatric Surgery,” 41. 23 Koop, Koop, 128. 24 Selma H. Calmes, “The First Anesthesiologist at America’s First Children’s Hospital: Margo Deming, M.D. (1914–1998) and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia,” American Society of notes to pages 26–40 ( 209 ) Anesthesiology Newsletter 62 (1998): 1, http://anestit.unipa.it /mirror/asa2/newsletters/1998/10_98/First_1098.html (accessed January 16, 2014). 25 Ibid., 2. 26 Koop, “A Perspective on the Early Days of Pediatric Surgery,” 43. 27 Associated Press, “Kennedy Infant Dies at Boston Hospital; President at Hand,” New York Times, August 9, 1963. 28 Sylvia Wrobel, “Bubbles, Babies and Biology: The Story of Surfactant,” FASEB Journal 18 (2004): 1, http://www​ .fasebj​ .org​ /content​/18​/13​/1624e​.full. 29 Peter A. Southorn and Bradley J. Narr, “The Massa or Rochester Plastic Needle,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 83 (2008): 1165. 30 Ibid. 31 Rivera et al., “The History of Peripheral Intravenous Catheters,” 276. 32 Koop, “A Perspective on the Early Days of Pediatric Surgery,” 43. 33 Haller, “Why Pediatric Surgery?,” 601. 3. the shortcut to survival 1 Douglas W. Wilmore and Stanley J. Dudrick, “Growth and Development of an Infant Receiving All Nutrients Exclusively by Vein,” Journal of the American Medical Association 203 (1968): 140. 2 Wolfgang F. Caspary, “Physiology and Pathophysiology of Intestinal Absorption,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55 (1992): 299S–307S. 3 Ibid. 4 Carmen Cuffari, “Pediatric Short Bowel Syndrome,” http:// emedicine​.medscape​.com​/article​/931855​‑overview (accessed November 10, 2013). 5 Stanley J. Dudrick, “History of Parenteral Nutrition,” in an address to the annual meeting of the American College...