Sites of European Antisemitism in the Age of Mass Politics, 1880–1918

Notes

265 NOTES Introduction 1. Sholom Aleichem, The Old Country, trans. Julius and Frances Butwin (New York: Crown, 1946), 260–264. 2. Sholom Aleichem,Old Country Tales, ed. and trans.Curt Leviant (NewYork: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1966), 102. 3. Sholom Aleichem, Old Country Tales, 98–135. 4. For urbanization levels across Europe, see Andrew Lees and Lynn Hollen Lees, Cities and the Making of Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 133, which estimates that in 1910 only 41 percent of the European population lived in cities with more than five thousand inhabitants. Also see Peter Clark, European Cities and Towns, 400–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 229–235. 5. For recent discussions of the nineteenth-­ century roots of the Holocaust, see Helmut Walser Smith, “Where the Sonderweg Debate Left Us,” in Imperial Germany Revisited, ed. Sven Oliver Müller and Cornelius Torp (New York: Berghahn, 2011), 21–36; Donald Bloxham, “Europe,The Final Solution and the Dynamics of Intent,” Patterns of Prejudice 44, no. 4 (2010): 317–335. For reasons of space, we have limited our footnotes to English-­ language sources. The case studies that follow cite important scholarship in nearly a dozen European languages. 6. On emigration, see John Doyle Klier, Russians, Jews and the Pogroms of 1881–1882 (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2011); on Jewish politics, see Ezra Mendelsohn, On Modern Jewish Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993; Joshua Zimmerman, Poles, Jews, and the Politics of Nationality: The Bund and the Polish Socialist Party in Late Czarist Russia, 1892–1914 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003); Theodore R. Weeks, From Assimilation to Antisemitism: The “Jewish Question” in Poland, 1850–1914 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2006); Joshua Shanes, Diaspora Nationalism and Jewish Identity in Habsburg Galicia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). 7. The classic work is Shulamit Volkov, “Antisemitism as a Cultural Code: Reflections on the History and Historiography of Antisemitism in Imperial Germany,” Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 23 (1978): 25–46. 8. See Hillel Levine, Economic Origins of Antisemitism: Poland and Its Jews in the Early Modern Period (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991); Derek J. Penslar, Shylock’s Children : Economics and Jewish Identity in Modern Europe (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Viktor Karady,The Jews of Europe in the Modern Era: A Socio-­ Historical Outline, trans. Tim Wilkinson (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2004). 9. Helmut Walser Smith, The Butcher’s Tale: Murder and Anti-­ Semitism in a German Town (New York: Norton, 2002), 21. 10. See, for example, Jakab Katz, From Prejudice to Destruction: Antisemitism, 1700–1933 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980); Robert Wistrich, Antisemitism: The Longest 266 : Notes to Introduction Hatred (New York: Pantheon Books, 1991); Albert S. Lindemann, Esau’s Tears: Modern Anti-­ Semitism and the Rise of the Jews (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). 11. See especially Hillel Kieval, “The Importance of Place: Comparative Aspects of the Ritual Murder Trial in Modern Central Europe,” in Comparing Jewish Societies, ed. Todd M. Endelman (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), 135–65, as well as the essays in the following: Christhard Hoffmann, Werner Bergmann, and Helmut Walser Smith, eds., Exclusionary Violence: Antisemitic Riots in Modern German History (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002); Robert Blobaum, ed., Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005); Jonathan Dekel-­ Chen et al., eds., Anti-­ Jewish Violence: Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010); Werner Bergmann and Ulrich Wyrwa, eds., The Making of Antisemitism as a Political Movement: Political History as Cultural History (1879–1914) in Quest: Issues in Contemporary Jewish History 3 (2012), http:// www.quest-­cdecjournal.it. 12. On the need for disaggregation, see Alison Frank, Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005), 253. 13. Oded Heilbronner, “From Antisemitic Peripheries to Antisemitic Centres: The Place of Antisemitism in Modern German History,” Journal of Contemporary History 35, no. 4 (2000): 561. 14. Clifford Geertz, “Thick Description: Toward an Interpretative Theory of Culture,” in Clifford Geertz, The Interpretations of Cultures: Selected Essays (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 5.On the wider influence of the pogroms and the Dreyfus affair, see Klier, Russians, Jews and the Pogroms of 1881–1882, esp. pt. 3; Sam Johnson, Pogroms, Peasants, Jews: Britain and Europe’s “Jewish Question,” 1867–1925 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); Louis Begley,Why the Dreyfus Affair Matters (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009). 15. Stephen Eric Bronner, A Rumor about the Jews (New York: St. Martin...