Notes
275 Notes 1. gifu city, japan 1. The epigraph is from a personal communication with Junji Yamashita, translated by Munro Johnson, August 7, 2001. All of Yamashita’s quotations in this chapter are from this interview. 2. Henry Spencer Palmer,“Cormorant Fishing in Japan,”in Letters from the Land of the Rising Sun (Yokohama: Japan Mail, 1894), 172; Kiyoshi Otsuka, personal communication , August 9, 2001. 3. David Landis Barnhill, trans. Bashō’s Journey: The Literary Prose of Matsuo Bashō (Albany: SUNY Press, 2005), 110. 4. Zempei Yamashita, “Cormorant Fishing on the Nagara River,” Oceanus 30, no. 1 (Spring 1987): 84. In Japanese it is omoshirōte / yagate kanashiki / ubune kana. Barnhill translates it this way: fascinating, and then sorrowful: cormorant boat. 5.“Ukai: Cormorant Fishing on the Nagara River,” 2012, Gifu Convention and Visitors Bureau, Gifu, Japan, www.gifucvb.or.jp/en/01 _sightseeing/01 _01 .html. 6. India and Korea: Andres von Brandt, Fish Catching Methods of the World (Surrey, England: Fishing News Books Ltd., 1984), 27; Egypt: Darryl Wheye and Donald Kennedy , Humans, Nature, and Birds: Science Art from Cave Walls to Computer Screens (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), 21. 7. Hermann Leight, Pre-Inca Art and Culture, trans. Mervyn Savill (New York: Orion Press, 1960), 49–50. 8. Christine E. Jackson, “Fishing with Cormorants,” Archives of Natural History 24, no. 2 (1997): 189; Pamela Egremont and Miriam Rothschild,“The Calculating Cormorants ,” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 12 (September 1979): 181. 9. Maya Manzi and Oliver T. Coomes,“Cormorant Fishing in Southwestern China: A Traditional Fishery under Siege,” American Geographical Society 92, no. 4 (October 2002): 602; Erling Ho,“Flying Fishes of Wucheng,” Natural History 107, no. 8 (October 1988): 66. 10. Berthold Laufer,“The Domestication of the Cormorant in China and Japan,” Field Museum of Natural History No. 300: Anthropological Series 18, no. 3 (1931): 209. 11. This portion of the Sui shu was completed in 636 CE. Laufer, “Domestication of the Cormorant,” 212, 233. Cormorants figured in some of Japan’s earliest mythology and King - Devil's Cormorant.indb 275 7/1/2013 11:31:28 AM 276 Notes to Chapter 1 writing. Ukai is mentioned in the Manyoshu, the earliest book of Japanese poems, compiled in the eighth century. There is a reference to ukai in the Tale of Genji, normally credited to Lady Murasaki Shikibu in the early eleventh century. 12. In 702 CE, census records in a town near Gifu City show a person with the name Ukaibe or Uyobe, suggesting this would have been an usho. Census records during the Engi period (901–22 CE) reference seven houses of cormorant fishermen on the Nagara River. See Laufer,“Domestication of the Cormorant,” 213; and E. W. Gudger,“Fishing with the Cormorant in Japan,” Scientific Monthly 29, no. 1 (July 1929): 10. 13. S. Ikenoya, “Cormorant Fishing,” Japan Magazine, May 1917, 31–32, as cited in Gudger,“Fishing with the Cormorant,” 10. 14. Yamashita,“Cormorant Fishing,” 83. 15. Gudger, “Fishing with the Cormorant,” 11; Ukai Exhibit, Gifu History Museum, Gifu, Japan, 2001. 16. Yamashita,“Cormorant Fishing,” 83–84. 17. In the eighteenth century, the scholar Norinaga Moroori wrote of ukai in Gifu: “Nowhere but in the Nagara can we see / That antique sight of cormorant fishing, / So picturesque and impressive, / Bonfires reflected in the water rushing.” See ibid., 83. 18. Laufer,“Domestication of the Cormorant,” 213, 255; see also a record of cormorant feathers used to roof birthing huts in a Japanese folktale titled“The Lost Fish-Hook,” as told in C. Pfoundes,“The Lost Fish-Hook,” Folk-Lore Record 1 (1878): 128. 19. Gudger,“Fishing with the Cormorant,” 11–12. 20. The Diary of Richard Cocks, ed. Edward Maunde Thompson, vol. 1 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1883), 285. 21. Palmer,“Cormorant Fishing in Japan,” 171. 22. Ibid., 172–73. 23. Jackson,“Fishing with Cormorants,” 199. 24. See Elfriede R. Knauer, “Fishing with Cormorants: A Note on Vittore Carpaccio ’s Hunting on the Lagoon,” Apollo 158, no. 499 (September 2003): 32–39; and Jackson, “Fishing with Cormorants,” 199–201. Both Knauer and Jackson point out that the practice was also recorded in Pietro Longhi’s eighteenth-century painting. The two scholars differ on whether the clay balls are for the fish or to make the cormorants cough up the fish. The former makes more sense to me. See Von Brandt, Fish Catching Methods, 49–51. 25. Jackson, “Fishing with Cormorants,” 202; Laufer, “Domestication of the Cormorant ,” 206. 26. James Edmund Harting,“Fishing...
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