Empires in Collision in Late Antiquity

Notes

notes 1. Byzantium, Ethiopia, and the Jewish Kingdom of South Arabia 1. For the evolution of the idea of a Second (and Third) Rome as well as the use of “Roman” for “Byzantine,” see G. W. Bowersock, “Le tre Rome,” Studi Storici 47 (2006, published 2007), 977–91, and G. W. Bowersock, “Old and New Rome in the Late Antique Near East,” in Transformations of Late Antiquity: Essays for Peter Brown, ed. P. Rousseau and M. Papoutsakis (Ashgate, 2009), pp. 37–49. 2. For client kings, see David Braund, Rome and the Friendly King: the Character of the Client Kingship (London , 1984). 3. Fergus Millar, “Rome’s Arab Allies in Late Antiquity. Conceptions and Representations from within the Frontiers of the Empire,” in Commutatio et contentio. Studies in the Late Roman, Sasanian, and Early Islamic Near East in Memory of Zeev Rubin, ed. H. Börm and J. Wiesehöfer (Düsseldorf , 2010), pp. 199–226. Christian Julien Robin, “Les Arabes de Ḥimyar, des ‘Romains’ et des Perses (IIIe–VIe siècles de l’ère chrétienne),” Semitica et Classica 1 (2008), 167–202. 4. For brief but informed overviews of this Red Sea imperialism , see Christian Julien Robin, in the catalogue of the 80 | Notes Louvre exhibition Routes d’Arabie (Paris 2010), pp. 81–99, and Fred Donner, Muhammad and the Believers at the Origins of Islam (Cambridge, MA, 2010), pp. 1–38. In addition, see G. W. Bowersock, The Adulis Throne (Oxford University Press, forthcoming), for a fuller treatment. 5. For a detailed examination of the evidence, Gianfranco Fiaccadori, “Sembrouthes ‘Gran Re’ (DAE IV 3 = RIÉth 275) per la storia del primo ellenismo aksumita,” La Parola del Passato 335 (2004), 103–57. 6. See Stuart Munro-Hay, Catalogue of the Aksumite Coins in the British Museum (London, 1999). 7. The epigraphical documents are collected, in Ge‘ez and Greek, in the fundamental work of A. J. Drewes, R. Schneider , and E. Bernand, Recueil des inscriptions de l’Éthiopie des périodes pré-axoumites et axoumite, 3 vols. (Paris, 1991– 2000), abbreviated henceforth as RIÉ. English translations of some of the texts may be found in Fontes Historiae Nubiorum , ed. T. Eide et al., vol. 3 (Bergen, 1998). 8. For Frumentius, Albrecht Dihle, “Frumentios und Ezana,” remains valuable: Umstrittene Daten: Untersuchungen zum Auftreten der Griechen am Roten Meer (Cologne , 1965), pp. 36–64. For a recent discussion, see Alexei Murav’yov, “Nachalo vtoroi volny christianizatsii Aksuma,” in Vestnik Drevnei Istorii (2009), 181–97. 9. Munro-Hay, Catalogue of the Aksumite Coins, p. 16. 10. RIÉ, vol. 1, no. 192. For sixth- and seventh-century Ethiopian Christianity, see G. W. Bowersock, “Helena’s Bridle , Ethiopian Christianity, and Syriac Apocalyptic,” in Studia Patristica, ed. J. Baum et al. (Leuven, 2010), vol. 45, pp. 211–20. 11. The Arabic and Ethiopic accounts of the martyrdom of Arethas include references to Jews who came from Syria Notes | 81 to Arabia after the Jewish War led by Vespasian and Titus: P. Marrassini, with A. Bausi and A. Gori, Tradizioni orientali del Martirio di Areta (Florence, 2006), p. 30 (Arabic), p. 120 (Ethiopic). The Ethiopic text seems to be based upon the Arabic tradition. 12. See the thorough study by Christian Julien Robin, “Ḥimyar et Israël,” Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 2004, pp. 831–906. 13. Cf. Robin, “Les Arabes,” pp. 172–73. 14. On Raḥmānism and the people of Israel, see Robin (n. 12 above), pp. 852–53 and 867–69. 15. A. F. L. Beeston, “The Martyrdom of Azqir,” Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 15 (1985), 5–10, reprinted in A. F. L. Beeston at the Arabian Seminar, ed. M. C. A. Macdonald and C. S. Phillips (Oxford, 2005), pp. 113–18. 16. See I. Shahîd, The Martyrs of Najrân. New Documents (Brussels, 1971), and M. Detoraki, Le Martyre de Saint Aréthas et de ses compagnons (Paris, 2007). 17. The fundamental treatment is now Iwona Gajda, Le royaume de Ḥimyar à l’époque monothéiste (Paris, 2009), in which a series of appendixes examines the arguments for the era of Ḥimyar. There is unfortunately a bad typographical error on p. 270, in the sixth line from the bottom of the text, where 510, instead of the correct 110, is given as the beginning of the Ḥimyarite era. 18. RIÉ no. 195, stone 2,1. 24 (kebra d...