Notes
Notes 1. The Maine Woods Epigraph from Henry David Thoreau, The Maine Woods (New York: Penguin Books, 1988; first published by Ticknor and Fields, 1864), 88. 1. Woodrow B. Thompson, Carol B. Griggs, Norton G. Miller, Robert E. Nelson , Thomas K. Weddle, and Taylor M. Kilian, “Associated terrestrial and marine fossils in the late-glacial Presumpscot Formation, southern Maine, USA, and the marine reservoir effect on radiocarbon ages,” Quaternary Research 75 (2011): 552– 565. A similar trove of fossils was also found in 1976 about 500 feet northwest of the hospital site, research from which was published in F. Hyland, W.B. Thompson , and R. Stuckenrath Jr., “Late Wisconsinan wood and other tree remains in the Presumpscot Formation, Portland, Maine,” Maritime Sediments 14 (1978): 103–120andR.S.Anderson,N.G.Miller,R.B.Davis,andR.E.Nelson,“Terrestrial fossils in the marine Presumpscot Formation: implications for late Wisconsinan paleoenvironments and isostatic rebound along the coast of Maine,” Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27 (1990): 1241–1246. 2. Information on postglacial Maine environment and forests from Thompson et al., “Associated terrestrial and marine fossils”; H.W. Borns Jr. et al., “The deglaciation of Maine, U.S.A.,” in J. Ehlers and P.L. Gibbard, eds., Quaternary Glaciations—Extent and Chronology, Part II: North America (Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier, 2004), 89–109; Thomas K. Weddle and Michael J. Retelle, “Deglacial history and relative sea-level changes, Northern New England and adjacent Canada,” Geological Society of America, Special Paper 351 (2001); Ronald B. Davis and George L. Jacobson Jr., “Late glacial and early Holocene landscapes in northern New England and adjacent areas of Canada,” Quaternary Research 23 (1985): 341–368; George Jacobson Jr. and Ronald B. Davis, “The real forest primeval : the evolution of Maine’s forests over 14,000 years,” Habitat: Journal of the Maine Audubon Society 5 (1988): 26–29; D.H. DeHayes et al., “Forest responses to changing climate: lessons from the past and uncertainty for the future,” in R.A. Mickler, R.A. Birdsey, and J. Hom, eds., Responses of Northern U.S. Forests to Environmental Change, Ecological Studies 139 (New York: Springer, 2000), 495–540. For additional information, see chapter 2. 3. Generally, we will use the word “Indians” to describe the peoples who settled and, before European contact, occupied the lands that became Maine. This follows the guidance of James Axtell: “In the Americas, ‘Indians’ is short, carries no 236 not e s to page s 2– 6 pejorative baggage despite Columbus, and is reasonably clear, unless we do comparative , world, or immigration history.” James Axtell, Native and Newcomers: the Cultural Origins of North America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001). We will use the word “Paleoindians” for those native peoples who lived in Maine during postglacial times but have unclear continuity with present-day Indian tribes. 4. The most recent evidence suggests minimum first presence of Paleoindians 12–13,000 years ago. Jonathan C. Lothrop et al., “Paleoindians and the Younger DryasintheNewEngland-MaritimesRegion,”QuaternaryInternational242(2011): 546–569.SeealsoDavidSanger,“TheoriginalNativeMainers,”Habitat:Journalof the Maine Audubon Society 5 (1988): 37–41; American Friends Service Committee, The Wabanakis of Maine and the Maritimes (Philadelphia, PA: American Friends Service Committee, 1989), A3–A10 and Section D: Fact Sheets; Bruce J. Bourque, “Prehistoric Indians of Maine,” in Richard W. Judd, Edwin A. Churchill, and Joel W. Eastman, eds., Maine: The Pine Tree State from Prehistory to the Present (Orono: University of Maine Press, 1995), 12–30; Bruce J. Bourque, Twelve Thousand Years: American Indians in Maine (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 73–109. 5. Edwin A. Churchill, “English beachheads in seventeenth-century Maine,” in Richard W. Judd, Edwin A. Churchill, and Joel W. Eastman, eds., Maine: The Pine Tree State from Prehistory to the Present (Orono: University of Maine Press, 1995), 51–75. Around this time, the French established beachheads in eastern coastal Maine, especially at present day Castine; Alaric Faulkner and Gretchen Fearon Faulkner, “Acadian settlement, 1607–1700,” in Richard W. Judd, Edwin A. Churchill, and Joel W. Eastman, eds., Maine: The Pine Tree State from Prehistory to the Present (Orono: University of Maine Press, 1995), 76–96. 6. Gorham Historical Society (retrieved on July 20, 2011, at www.gorham historical.com/chronology). 7. Bill McKibben, “An Explosion of Green,” Atlantic Monthly 275 (April 1995): 61–83. 8. TheNatureConservancyinMaine(retrievedonJuly20,2011,atwww.nature. org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/maine/placesweprotect/ mount-agamenticus.xml); Mount Agamenticus Conservation Region (retrieved on July 20, 2011, at www.agamenticus.org). 9. Plant Hardiness Zones...
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