Asylum Doctor: James Woods Babcock and the Red Plague of Pellagra

Notes

285 N o t e s Notes to Prologue 1. Scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency,beriberi by thiamine deficiency,and rickets (and also osteomalacia) by vitamin D deficiency.Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness and other symptoms. 2. Bollet, “Politics and Pellagra.” 3. “Report of the State Board of Health”for 1910 (Reports and Resolutions [1910], 5: 1−102), for 1911 (Ibid. [1912], 2: 1307−76), and 1913 (Ibid. [1913], 1: 1049−1124). 4. See, for example, King, “The Conquest of Pellagra.” 5. Kraut, Goldberger’s War, 242–43. 6. Kuhn, Scientific Revolutions. 7. Johnson, Good Ideas, 34. 8. Review of Where Good Ideas Come From.These are not,of course,new concepts. See for example, Osler, Growth of Truth, and, for a contemporary popular account, Gladwell, Outliers. 9. Osler, Principles and Practice, 6th edition, 384. 10. Miller, “Case of Pellagra in Maine.” Like other historians, Kraut confirms that the meetings of the National Association for the Study of Pellagra were “largely through the efforts of James Woods Babcock,whose articles had first called national attention to the disease” (Kraut, Goldberger’s War, 117). 11. For more recent commentary on Babcock’s importance to the pellagra effort, see McCandless, “James Woods Babcock,” and Frankenburg, Vitamin Discoveries , 38. 12. “Notes and Comment. South Carolina and Her State Hospital.” Notes to Chapter 1 1. For Babcock’s understanding of his ancestry,see autobiographical sketch dated September 1882, Babcock papers, box 5, folder 9, SCL. N o t e s 286 Notes to Pages 2–12 2. “Christmas Presents” (newspaper clipping, undated), Babcock papers, box 6, folder 2, SCL. 3. “Chester Doctors, 1861–65,” Chester (S.C.) Reporter, May 8, 1905. 4. Zuczek, State of Rebellion, 91. 5. Autobiographical sketch dated September 1882,Babcock papers,box 5,folder 9, SCL. 6. Thomas P. Ivy, “The People’s Forum: Dr. Babcock, Famous Alienist,” News and Observer (Raleigh, N.C.), March 14, 1922. 7. “Obituary notice of James Woods Babcock, M.D., L.L.D.” 8. Henry W. Cunningham to Babcock, February 6, 1905, Babcock papers, box 5, folder 8, SCL. 9. “Inaugural Address of James W.Babcock,delivered Sept.15th 1877,”Records of the Golden Branch Society, archives of Phillips Exeter Academy. 10. Information provided by Edouard L. Desrochers of Philips Exeter Academy, August 2, 1999. 11. Autobiographical sketch dated September 1882,Babcock papers,box 5,folder 9, SCL. 12. Eliot,“Defect in Football”; Eliot,“Evils of College Football”; “Eliot Against Basket Ball.Harvard President Says Rowing and Tennis Are the Only Clean Sports,” New York Times, November 28, 1906. 13. Blanchard, Harvard Athletics, 44−46. 14. Boston Globe, May 8, 1881. The members of the crew were (photograph of crew in racing shell on page 10, left to right) Henry Thomas Oxnard of Boston (coxswain), Xanthus Henry Goodnough (stroke), George William Perkins, Frederic Warren, Charles Randall Dean, Babcock, Henry Hamilton Sherwood, Henry Reese Hoyt, and Morton Stimson Crehore (bow). 15. Untitled, undated address given by Babcock (September 1909), Babcock papers, box 4, folder 7, SCL. 16. Boston Globe, supplement, May 14, 1881. 17. Untitled address by Babcock given in September 1909, and “Lessons Taught to the Athlete” (newspaper clipping, undated), both in Babcock papers, box 4, folder 7, SCL. 18. Boston Globe, May 15, 1881. 19. Boston Globe,May 16,1881.Prior to the invention of the sliding seat,oarsmen had leather pads sewn into their trousers for protection as they slid back and forth on a waxed board. Hoyt had no such protection. 20. H. W. Cunningham to Babcock, April 26, 1907, and F. L. Somerville to Babcock, April 27, 1907, both in Babcock papers, box 5, folder 8, SCL. 21. Babcock to Patrick Livingston Murphy, April 30, 1897, Patrick Livingston Murphy papers, collection 535, folder 6, SHC. 22. “Lessons Taught to the Athlete,” Babcock papers, box 4, folder 7, SCL. 23. Undated notes made by Margaret Babcock Meriwether,Babcock papers,box 8, folder 1, SCL. Notes to Pages 12–18 287 24. Harvard College,Secretary’s Report; autobiographical sketch dated September 1882, Babcock papers, box 5, folder 9, SCL. 25. Allen Danforth to Babcock,July 1,1882,Babcock papers,box 5,folder 8,SCL. 26. Studies suggest that by early adulthood most persons can recall several such situations that require the use of “wisdom”criteria, including knowing where to turn for help. See Baltes and Smith, “Toward a Psychology of Wisdom,” and Gladwell, Outliers, 69–115. 27...