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NOTES Introduction 1. MacArthur’s legacy does not include readily remembered battle exhortation like Farragut’s or Patton’s. The following rhetorical studies reflect MacArthur’s nonbattle field rhetorical focus: Bernard K. Duffy and Ronald H. Carpenter, Douglas MacArthur: Warrior as Wordsmith (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1997); and Ronald H. Carpenter, Rhetoric in Martial Deliberations and Decision Making: Cases and Consequences (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2004). “Dugout Doug” was coined by U.S. soldiers on Bataan when MacArthur remained holed up in Corregidor rather than visit them. Although MacArthur routinely braved unsecured areas throughout his career, this derogatory label stuck, probably because he escaped the surrender of the Philippines and because of his generally aloof bearing. See William Manchester, American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur, 1880–1964 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1978), 3, 236–38. 2. I. A. Richards, The Philosophy of Rhetoric (New York: Oxford University Press, 1936), 24, 3. 3. Marine Commandant C. E. Mundy Jr., foreword to MCWP 6-11, Leading Marines (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps, 2002), ii; Pelopidas in 375 b.c.e. adapted from Plutarch’s Lives, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, vol. 5, Loeb Classical Library (London: Heinemann, 1917), 17.2 (literally, “Why any more than they into ours?”); Patton remembering a visit to Major General Willard Paul and his Twenty-sixth Division , George S. Patton Jr., War as I Knew It, annotated by Paul D. Harkins (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947), 326. 4. Samuel A. Stouffer et al., Studies in Social Psychology in World War II, vol. 2, The American Soldier: Combat and Its Aftermath (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1949), 108–11. 5. John Keegan, The Mask of Command (NewYork:Viking Penguin, 1987), 318–21. 6. Army Staff Sergeant Eugene Simpson Jr., home from Iraq, quoted in Bob Herbert , “Paralyzed, a Soldier Asks Why,” New York Times, October 15, 2004, http://www .nytimes.com/2004/10/15/opinion/15herbert.html. 7. “The art of war will provide a parallel” from The Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian , trans. H. E. Butler, Loeb Classical Library (1921; London: Heinemann, 1933), 2.5.15; “the weapons of oratory,” 2.16.10; other comparisons to combat, 2.8.3–4, 2.8.16, 3.2.2, 6.4.8, 7.10.13; “military custom” according to Julius Caesar, The Civil War, trans. J. M. Carter, Oxford World’s Classics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 3.90. 152 Notes to Pages 5–10 8. Lloyd Bitzer, “The Rhetorical Situation,” Philosophy and Rhetoric 1 (1968): 1–14. It is worth noting for those not steeped in rhetorical theory that by “rhetorical situation”Bitzer means a situation in which real influence is possible. This has little to do with the more popularly encountered “rhetorical question,” where no answer is expected. 9. “Essential . . . correspondences” from Richard M. Weaver, The Ethics of Rhetoric (1953; Davis, Cal.: Hermagoras, 1985), 56–57. Chapter 1: Bracing for Combat 1. Xenophon attributes these words to Cyrus the Great, king of Persia, in The Education of Cyrus [Cyropaedia], trans. Wayne Ambler (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2001), 3.3.50; still, Xenophon’s Cyrus exhorts his troops shortly thereafter, 3.3.62; S. L. A. Marshall, Men against Fire: The Problem of Battle Command in Future War (1947; Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1978), 142. 2. Deuteronomy 20:2–4, NIV/KJV Parallel Bible (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan , 1985). Moses, God, the people, Joshua, David, and Hezekiah subsequently use one hortatory expression—“Be strong and courageous”—eleven times: Deuteronomy 31:6, 31:7, 31:23; Joshua 1:6, 1:7, 1:9, 1:18, 10:25; 1 Chronicles 22:13, 28:20; 2 Chronicles 32:7 (NIV). 3. Homer, The Iliad of Homer, trans. Richmond Lattimore (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), 5.529–32. 4. Julius Caesar, Seven Commentaries on the Gallic War, trans. Carolyn Hammond, Oxford World’s Classics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 2.20–21. 5. Bernal Díaz del Castillo, The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico, 1517–1521, trans. A. P. Maudslay (1956; New York: Da Capo Press, 1996), 110. 6. Elizabeth quoted in Anne Somerset, Elizabeth I (1991; London: Phoenix, 1997), 591. 7. Young Hawk quoted in Herman J. Viola, with Jan Shelton Danis, It Is a Good Day to Die: Indian Eyewitnesses Tell the Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn (1998; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 32. 8. Exhortation prior to Operation Iraqi Freedom on flyer embossed with division colors, Major General J. N. Mattis to First...

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