Reason's Dark Champions: Constructive Strategies of Sophistic Argument

Index

ad hominem reasoning, 63, 96, 98, 131, 139–42 Alcidamas, 5, 65–67, 117, 133–34; Against the Sophists, 66; association with Gorgias, 66; Odysseus, 67, 134; On ThoseWhoWrite Written Speeches, 117 allusion, 61, 67, 94, 121, 130; argumentative force of, 125, 128, 132, 149 antilogoi, 15–16, 67, 87, 100–111; definition , 102 Antiphon, 3–4, 14, 24–29, 38, 71–76, 80, 82–84, 87, 89–91, 100, 105, 107, 114–15, 132, 135; conception of likelihood, 24–27; conception of truth, 155n12; defense speech, 75, 78, 121, 125; Art, 114; identity of, 159n6; On the Chorus Boy, 135, 140; On the Murder of Herodes, 75–76, 78, 114, 132, 140; OnTruth, 26–28, 75, 91, 100, 144–45; Tetralogies, 24–28, 71–74, 84, 87, 100, 105, 107, 132, 134–35 Antisthenes, 109, 163n16; Ajax, 109; Odysseus, 109 antithesis, 4, 62, 67, 71, 100–109, 121, 125; definition, 102 argument from probability, 24. See also eikos arguments argumentation schemes, 129 Aristophanes, 5–6, 16, 20–21, 45, 109; Clouds, 5, 16, 20, 45, 109 Aristotle, 3, 10–11, 18–20, 22, 24–25, 27–29, 47–49, 62, 65, 67–68, 70–71, 79–80, 86, 92, 101–2, 113–15, 117–20, 131–32, 137, 139, 141–44, 150; dates, 51, 153n3; fallacious probabilities, 154n4; Fragments, 44; Grylos, 44; and the history of fallacy, 7, 44–47; Metaphysics, 17, 38, 103; Nicomachean Ethics, 113; On Sophistical Refutations, 7, 17, 44, 46–57, 68, 142, 150; Poetics, 137; Prior Analytics, 47, 86; Rhetoric, 19, 22, 24–25, 47, 62, 67, 80, 86, 113, 115, 117–20, 137, 139; Sophist, 44; Topics, 46, 51, 101, 118–20; understanding of rhetoric , 118 autophagia, 95 Badiou,Alain, 144, 154n11 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 130 Barnes, Jonathan, 20 Billig, Michael, 15 Blackburn, Simon, 83, 85 Brinton,Alan, 132 Burnyeat, Myles F., 42, 67, 84–87, 156n11 Bury, R. G., 136 Callicles, 13, 34; status as Sophist, 145 Calogero, Guido, 124 Chance,Thomas, 22 INDEX 174 Index Chappell,T., 85 Chiron, P., 62 Cicero, 111 Clement of Alexandria, 102 Cleon, 107–8 Clinton, Hillary, 96 Coady, C.A. J., 141 cognitive environment, 82, 114, 121, 149 commonplaces, 61, 113, 120–21; definition , 117; method of, 117–18. See also topoi Conacher, Desmond, 12–13, 24, 99 Conley,Thomas, 62 Consigny, Scott, 3, 15, 106, 120–21, 125 contradiction, 88, 92, 97, 99–100, 102 contrasting arguments, 104–12 Corax andTisias, 63, 70, 86, 158n2. See alsoTisias Cornford, Francis, 67, 83, 85 Coulter, James, 124 counterfactual arguments, 67, 72, 104–5 debate, 111–12 Demitrius, 11 Democritus, 84 Dentith, Simon, 125 Denyer, Nicholas, 85 dialectic, 6, 51, 69 Diana, Princess, 105 Didymus the Blind, 100 Diels and Kranz, 7, 23, 65 Diodotus, 107–8 Diogenes Laertius, 86, 92, 99–100, 102 Dionysodorus, 12, 22–23, 37, 39, 45, 50, 52–56, 92, 95; mentioned in Xenophon, 157n5 Dissoi Logoi, 5, 12, 61–62, 66–67, 102–4, 110, 112; date, 162n12. See also contrasting arguments Doyle,Arthur Conan, 129; “Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle,” 128; “Adventure of the Speckled Band,” 129 Due, Bodil, 159n15 Eemeren, Frans, van, 49, 129 eikos arguments, 19, 22, 24–25, 28, 61, 67, 70–82, 88, 90, 113–14, 122; in Aristotle, 71; evaluation of, 78–80, 144; relation to factual evidence, 74–75; reverse eikos arguments, 72, 83, 89; Sophistic versus “real,” 70–71 Enos, Richard, 101, 109 enthymemes, 19, 113, 163n2 equivocation, 46, 50, 52 eristic argument, 10–11, 20, 22–24, 45, 48–56, 87, 93; definition, 22 ethos, 72, 80, 122–23, 134, 136, 141 ethotic arguments, 61, 67, 76–77, 131–42; appeal to one’s own character , 132–34; funeral speeches, 136–37; qualities of character, 136–39; use of, 136, 141–42 Euripides, 4, 6, 12–13, 65, 99; Antiope, 13, 99; dates, 153n3; Hecuba, 13; Heraclidae, 13 Euthydemus, 12, 21–23, 35, 37, 45, 50, 52–56, 92, 95, 150; mentioned in Aristotle, 157n5 evidence. See tekmēria Fahnestock, Jeanne, 101–2 fallacies, 56, 97, 142, 158n13; associated with sophistical argument, 11, 17, 44–56 fallacy: defined, 46–47; tradition of, 4, 7, 44 false speaking, 50 Ferguson, Sarah, 105 funeral speeches, See ethotic arguments Gagarin, Michael, 3, 74–76, 104–5, 110, 125, 135, 140, 142, 160n24 Garrsen, B., 129 Index 175 generalization, 114 Gonzalez, F. J., 55 Gorgias, 3–4, 12, 21, 30...