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‘Abd al-Qāhir Abū al-Najı̄b al-Suhrawardı̄, 19, 70 ‘Abd al-Quddus Gangohı̄ (d. 1538), 79–80 Abū H . āmı̄d al-Ghazālı̄ (d. 1111), 17–18, 47, 117, 120–22, 124 ahl-i baı̄t (members of Prophet Muh .ammad’s family), 107, 161, 173 ahl-i H . adı¯s ., 54, 64 Ah .mad Barelwı̄, Sayyid (d. 1831), 7, 64, 183n8 Ah .mad Riz .ā Kh . ān Barelwı̄ (d. 1921), xviii, 64, 187nn82–83 Ah .mad Sirhindı̄, Shaikh (d. 1625), 6 ‘Alı̄ ibn Abı̄ T . ālib (d. 661), 113–14, 201n5, 201–2n9; and genealogy, 87 ‘Alı̄ ibn Ah .mad al-Būshanjı̄ (d. 1074), 12 Amı̄r Khusrau (d. 1325) 195n10, 197n36 Amma of Hyderabad, 102–3, 134, 175–76 amulets (ta‘wı̄z . , falı̄ta, naqsh), 69; buying and selling, 135, 150; and demotic texts, 103; distributed by pirs and khadims, 71–72, 155; distributed by pirzade women or female spiritual guides, 83, 94, 171; and female ritual specialists, 131, 132, 134–35, 175; and panj-i pak, 135, 201n5 Āshraf ‘Alı̄ Thānawı̄, Maulānā (d. 1943), 64; and Bihishtı̄ Zewar, 10, 54, 57, 186n67, 196n17 āstāna (type of shrine), 97 Aurangzeb, Emperor (d. 1707), 49–50 Bābā Farı̄d Ganj-i Shakkar (d. 1265), mother of, 63 baı̄‘at (oath of allegiance), 28, 69, 97–98 Bangladesh, Bauls of, 107; Sufism in, xix baraka (Pers. barakat, spiritual power), 1, 74, 89, 94, 173, 192n58; and black magic ( jādū), 203n25; inscribed within shrines and objects, xv, 155, 202n17; and mediation , xiv, 1 bāzār (market), 206n12. See also bāzārı̄ t .abı̄b bāzārı̄ t .abı̄b (marketplace doctor), 100–104, 170 Bengal, Muslims of, 183n4; land grants, 190n15 Bı̄bı̄ Auliya’ (fourteenth century), 75 Bı̄bı̄ Fāt .ima Sām (fourteenth century), 2, 75 Bı̄bı̄ H . āfiž Jamāl (thirteenth century), 63, 78–79 Bı̄bı̄ Kamālo (thirteenth century), 2, 138, 172, 174; shrine of, 60, 128 Bı̄bı̄ Rā. zı̄ya (thirteenth century), xv, xvi, 137, 138, 141, 172 Bourdieu, Pierre, 80–81 British: civil servants, 3, 11, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 34, 47, 50–51, 110; colonialism . Index . Names of persons from Islamic history are ordered alphabetically by first name. 230 Index British: civil servants (continued ) in India, 5–6, 33, 35–37, 41; and demographic classificatory schemes, 65; and discourses about Indian women, 65; East India Company, 41; gazetteers and travelogues, 35, 37–38, 184n13; Orientalism, 47; patronage and management of shrines, xix, 39, 41–44, 185n32, 190n15; perceptions of Islam, 57; perceptions of pirs, 52, 73 Būbū Islām Khātūn (sixteenth century), 79 chilla gāh (type of shrine), xiv; Nižām al-dı̄n Auliya, 200n64, ‘Ušmānı̄, 87, 91, 92, 112, 113, 160 Chishtı̄ Order, 3, 11, 64, 70–71, 143; S . abirı̄, 115; Sufis of, 24, 123, 189n4 Christians: and black magic, 153; frameworks of explanation, 35; missionary activities 52–53, 55, 65; pilgrims to Muslim shrines, 50 companions (of the Prophet Muh .ammad), 68, 120 Cornell, Rkia, 17, 19 dargāh ( burial shrine), xiii–xiv, 24, 28, 30, 34, 161; administration of, xii, 42–43, 116; endowments to, 27, 41; hierarchies, 86, 163; performances in, 110–11, 113, 124, 168, 126; as tourist attraction, 86; women in charge of, 34 dargāh bāzār (shrine marketplace), 110, 111 darvish (type of mystic), 27, 33, 36, 48, 49. See also faqı̄r demotic (popular) literature, 8, 15, 63, 176; women’s didactic, 53–55, 63 Deoband, 7, 53, 54, 64 discourse about gender, xvi, 1, 21–22, 32, 159; as analytical tool, 23 Ernst, Carl, 11, 76 Ewing, Katherine, 36, 46, 50, 96, 153 fana‘ (annihilation), 69 faqı̄r (type of mystic or mendicant), 27, 36, 38–39, 49–50, 51 fātih .a (Qur’ānic verses), 83, 131, 132, 137, 142–43, 156; read in Fāt .ima’s name, 173, 87; read in the name of a saint, 56, 143, 144 Fāt .ima (d. 632), daughter of the Prophet Muh .ammad, 63, 172, 173; possession by, 188n95 Firdausı̄ order, xiv–xv, 24, 74–75, 96, 100, 117, 123, 124, 130, 160–64, 168; of Bihar Sharif, xv, 128–29, 143, 145, 150; of Maner, xv–xvi, 11, 85, 86, 94, 116, 164; saints of, 138. See also khānaqāh Flueckiger, Joyce, 4, 102...

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