A Gallant Defense: The Siege of Charleston, 1780

Notes

NOTES Chapter 1 1. Don Higginbotham, The War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763–1789 (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 151; Piers Mackesy, The War for America, 1775–1783 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1964), 61–62. 2. Higginbotham, The War of American Independence, 176–77; John S. Pancake, 1777: The Year of the Hangman (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1977), 87–88. 3. Jonathan R. Dull, A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), 55, 58–63, 92–96; Higginbotham , The War of American Independence, 226–27, 230–34. 4. Mackesy, War for America, 181–86; Henry Clinton, The American Rebellion: Sir Henry Clinton’s Narrative of His Campaigns, 1775–1782, with an Appendix of Original Documents, ed. William B. Willcox (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1954), 87. 5. John A. Tilley, The British Navy and the American Revolution (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1987), 119–20, 139; John Shy, “British Strategy for Pacifying the Southern Colonies, 1778–1781,” in The Southern Experience in the American Revolution, ed. Jeffrey J. Crow and Larry E. Tise (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1978), 160. 6. John S. Pancake, This Destructive War: The British Campaign in the Carolinas, 1780–1782 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1985), 25–27; Ira D. Gruber, “Britain’s Southern Strategy,” in The Revolutionary War in the South: Power, Conflict, and Leadership, ed. W. Robert Higgins (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1979), 218–20. 7. Paul H. Smith, Loyalists and Redcoats: A Study in British Revolutionary Policy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1964), 10, 18–21, 89; Pancake, This Destructive War, 12–13. 8. Germain to Clinton, 21 March 1778, quoted in Smith, Loyalists and Redcoats, 84; Shy, “British Strategy,” 160, 162–63. 9. Smith, Loyalists and Redcoats, 89–90; Clinton, The American Rebellion, 11, 423. 254 / NOTES TO PAGES 6–9 10. Smith, Loyalists and Redcoats, 25–26. 11. Although Charles Town did not officially become Charleston until its incorporation in 1783, I have elected to use Charleston throughout the text. 12. Pancake, This Destructive War, 23–24. 13. Ibid. 14. Smith, Loyalists and Redcoats, 30, 170. 15. Clinton, The American Rebellion, 106. 16. Pancake, This Destructive War, 32. 17. Campbell’s efforts in the Georgia backcountry are covered in Clyde R. Ferguson, “Carolina and Georgia Patriot and Loyalist Militia in Action, 1778–1783,” in The Southern Experience in the American Revolution, 174–79. 18. See Robert K. Wright Jr., The Continental Army (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1983), 82–84, 431. Early in the war, the Continental Congress established separate geographic departments to simplify the command structure in the great expanse of the North American continent. The departments they ultimately created were the Eastern Department (New England), Northern (New York), Canadian, Middle, Highlands, Western, and Southern Departments. Department commanders acted independently, making all necessary decisions as they related to the situation in their geographic commands, but they were still responsible to the Continental Congress and to Washington as commander in chief. The vast distances between the various departments and Philadelphia , especially the Southern Department, made it necessary for them to exercise substantial autonomy in their theaters of operation. Each department commander had to be capable enough to make strategic decisions on his own without waiting for word from his superiors. 19. David B. Mattern, Benjamin Lincoln and the American Revolution (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995), 15, 22, 32, 40, 49; John Carroll Cavanagh, “The Military Career of Major General Benjamin Lincoln in the War of the American Revolution” (Ph.D. diss., Duke University , 1969), 58, 97, 125, 133. 20. Cavanagh, “The Military Career of Benjamin Lincoln,” 132–33; Mattern, Benjamin Lincoln, 4, 56–57. 21. William Moultrie, Memoirs of the American Revolution, So Far As It Related to the States of North and South Carolina, and Georgia (New York, 1802), 1:261–62, 269–70. NOTES TO PAGES 10–14 / 255 22. Ibid., 1:367, 374–75, 377–78, 387. 23. Ibid., 1:387–88, 398, 408–10. 24. Ibid., 1:362–63, 405–12. 25. Ibid., 1:424–27. 26. See Don Higginbotham, The War of American Independence, 197. In 1777, General Gates granted favorable terms to Burgoyne’s army because he feared that General Clinton was going to force his way up the Hudson to relieve Burgoyne. Gates agreed to...