There When We Needed Him: Wiley Austin Branton, Civil Rights Warrior

NOTES

N O T E S CHAPTER : Character-Building:The EarlyYears . The terminology of race changed over the years of Branton’s life, and thereafter .This work will use the terms of the day, those that Branton would have used. “Colored” and “Negro” were used interchangeably until the s, when the term “black” came into use. Later the term “African American” became preferred by some. Wiley Branton’s brothers refuse to refer to themselves as African Americans. Quotes are left with the term used by the speaker. . th Census of the United States, Population ,Vol. III, Government Printing Office, ,Table , p.  (recording a population of ,, of which , were colored). Pine Bluff was located in Jefferson County, which is about fortyfive miles south of the state capitol at Little Rock and had a total population of about ,, sixty-five percent of whom were African American. . Judith Kilpatrick,“(Extra)Ordinary Men:African American Lawyers and Civil Rights in Arkansas Before ,”  Ark. L. Rev.  () (hereinafter “Kilpatrick”). . James W. Leslie, Pine Bluff and Jefferson County,A Pictorial History  (). . C. Calvin Smith, Educating the Masses  () (listing Little Rock, Pine Bluff, Hot Springs, Helena, Fort Smith, and Texarkana) (hereinafter “Smith, Educating the Masses”).There were  white high schools in . Id. . Michael B. Dougan, Arkansas Odyssey, the Saga of Arkansas from PrehistoricTimes to Present  () (hereinafter “Dougan”). . Smith, Educating the Masses at ; TheWPA Guide to s Arkansas –, Compiled by Workers of the Writers’ Project of the Works Projects Administration in the State of Arkansas (, originally published ). . Kilpatrick at .A grandfather clause would have prevented anyone from voting whose grandfather had not been able to vote before the Civil War. . Wiley A. Branton,“Post-War [World War II] Relations in Pine Bluff,” essay submitted to Don Williams, Pine Bluff Commercial, // (hereinafter “WAB Pine Bluff Essay”).WAB Papers. . Wiley A. Branton, speech addressed to Association of American Law Schools’ program “Access ,The Challenge to Assure Diversity in the Legal Profession,” , pp. – (hereinafter “WAB Access  Speech”).WAB Papers. . George Lipsitz, A Life in the Struggle, Ivory Perry and the Culture of Opposition – () (reporting that “postal worker and chapter chairman W. B. Cloman wrote to the national office.”). . See, e.g., Elizabeth Rauh Bethel, Promiseland,A Century of Life in a Negro Community  (). . WAB Pine Bluff Essay . . Audiotape of family history, Sterling Branton,Transcript p.  (hereinafter “Branton Family History”). . John Dittmer, Local People,The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi – () (hereinafter “Dittmer, Local People”).  3KILPATRICK_pages_109-224.qxd 6/27/07 10:19 AM Page 171 . Telephone conversation with Professor Tony Freyer, University of Alabama School of Law, concerning Freyer’s // interview with Wiley Branton. .  U.S. Census, Series M, Roll , p. ;  U.S. Census, Series M, Roll , p. . . Branton Family History at . . James W. Leslie, Saracen’s Country  (). . The  Census places the family in Arkansas City, Desha County,Arkansas, and lists Ellen Wiley as “mulatto.”  U.S. Census, Family History Library Film , NA Film Number T–, pp. A–A; http://www.familysearch.org/ Eng/Search/Census/indiv_record, visited //. Photographs indicate a significant amount of Indian blood. Ellen was born in Colahja (phonetic),Alabama. Branton Family History at . . See, generally,AngelaY.Walton-Raji, Black Indian Genealogy Research,African Ancestors among the Five CivilizedTribes (). . Letter dated //, p. , from WAB to Professor George Lipsitz, University of Houston at Clear Lake City (hereinafter “Lipsitz Letter”).WAB Papers. . Warranty Deed dated //, from Henry H. Haizlip and Rebecca Porter Haizlip to James A.Wiley and Effie Wiley, recorded //. . See, e.g.,Trina Jones,“Shades of Brown:The Law of Skin Color,”  Duke L.J.  (); Leonard M. Baynes,“If It’s Not Just Black and White Anymore, Why Does Darkness Cast a Longer Discriminatory Shadow Than Lightness? An Investigation and Analysis of the Color Hierarchy,”  Denv. U. L. Rev.  (); Verna M. Keith and Cedric Herring,“Skin Tone and Stratification in the Black Community,”  American Journal of Sociology  (); Michael Hughes and Bradley R. Hertel,“The Significance of Color Remains:A Study of Life Chances, Mate Selection, and Ethnic Consciousness among Black Americans,”  Social Forces  (); and William M. Kephart,“The ‘Passing’ Question,”  Phylon  (). . Kilpatrick at –. . Letter dated // from WAB to Mr.William Pickens III (regarding his knowledge of Pickens’s grandfather, dean of Tuskegee Institute). Branton noted that his mother “was a student secretary in Booker T.Washington’s office at the time of his death and she also became a great friend and admirer of Dean Pickens.”WAB Papers. . Undated obituary published several days after her death on //, probably in the Eighth Avenue Baptist Church newsletter.WAB Papers. . Undated obituary published...