Freebooters and Smugglers: The Foreign Slave Trade in the United States after 1808

Index

Aaron Burr schemes. See foreign invasion plots Aberdeen, Lord, 136 Abolition Act of 1808: ambiguities of, 27, 127; amendment allowing coastwise slave trade, 27; annexation of Texas and, 109; applicability to Louisiana Territory, 33; British act vs., 23–24; challenges of enforcement of, 4–5; Claiborne’s view of, 15–16; conception of, 5, 86; court enforcement of, 47, 49–52 (see also court cases; judicial system); customs agents role in enforcement of, 42–43; difficulties in enforcement, 11, 15–16, 24, 32–34, 73–74, 193; effect on U.S. marshals Service, 3; effects on structure of illegal slave trade, 9; enforcement of (see enforcement); frontier culture and, 7; government ambivalence and, 20; jurisdictional issues, 20, 27, 47; law of 1820 strengthening, 67–68; provision for sale of confiscated slaves, 3, 24; theories regarding enforcement of, 9; as tool in diplomacy, 12–13 abolitionists/abolitionism :Africans in NewYork, 177–78; aid to escaping slaves, 120, 126–27; antislave -trade legislation and, 171; approach of, 13–14; British-American collaboration of, 137; campaign against Republic ofTexas, 94–100; censorship of mailings of, 170; control of federal government , 168; on Cuba, 127; in England, 22, 91, 97, 114; international gains in early 1800s, 68; Liberty Party and, 97; Lincoln and, 182; Lundy as, 78, 98; Mexican cooperation with, 85; preRevolutionary gains of, 16; response to importation of slaves, 13–14, 194; response to independence ofTexas, 76; response to in Republic ofTexas and Louisiana, 98;Texas Rangers and, 123–24 Abolition Society of NewYork City and Vicinity, 178 Accessory Transit Company, 155 ACS (American Colonization Society), 29 Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade (England), 22–23, 25, 137, 173–74 Act of 1794, 5, 6 Act of 1800, 5, 6 Act of 1819, 171, 181–82 Act of the Abolition of the Slave Trade (1808, England), 5, 22–24 Adams, John H., 139 Adams, John Quincy, 90, 97, 118 Adams,Warren, 123, 148 Adams-Onis Treaty (1819), 57, 118–19 Adherbal (slave ship), 32 Africa: abduction of natives of, 66–67; American ships accosted off shore of, 113–14; attempts to stop French slave trade in, 111; English naval surveillance of, 22–23, 137; newspapers on trade in, 90, 110–15, 155–56, 168–69, 175–76; preferred areas for acquiring slaves form, 18–20, 156–57; schemes for repatriation of slaves in, 29; slaves brought to U.S. from after American Revolution, 17–20; slaves brought to U.S. from in colonial period, 16; slave ships seized on coast of, 139, 186; slaves shipped directly to California from, 129–30; slaves shipped to Coahuila y Texas, 60, 69; slaves shipped to Republic of Texas, 93–94; slaves taken from by Americans, 8, 133, 141; slave trade with U.S. after 1808, 9–10, 24–27, 49–50, 55–56, 66–67, 83, 96–97, 132–33, 159–62, 169–71, 173–75, 179, 181, 182, 184–85, 186; total number of slaves transshipped from to U.S., 9; U.S. navy anti-slave squadrons on coast of, 71, 111–13, 112–13, 112–13, 117–18, 171 African Apprentice Bill (Louisiana, 1858), 140–41, 164 African Church (NewYork City), 94 African Labor Immigration Company, 163 African Labor Supply Association, 163 Africans, free and enslaved: as abolitionists, 11, 94–95, 100, 178; alliance with Indians, 85, 98, 99; care of illegally captured , 171; as deputies and marshals, 62–63; disposition of confiscated contraband , 3, 12, 24, 73, 80–81, 124–25; Dred Scott decision and, 172–73; escape 251 Index Note: Page numbers in italic type indicate a table or photograph. into Mexico, 66, 85, 119–21, 123, 125–27, 148; from Greater Senegambia, 18–20; imported as apprentices, 140–41, 164–65; imported as indentured servants , 25–26, 77, 79; imported into U.S. between 1783 and 1810, 9; movement into California, 129–31; naming patterns of, 60–61; Negro-stealing and, 66, 73, 95–97, 99, 134, 138–39; in New York, 177–78; population of, 6–7; resistance to smugglers and slavery, 97–98, 119–21, 177–78; runaway slave crisis, 119; sold at government auctions, 6, 12, 24, 62, 73, 81, 124–25; total number of slaves transshipped from to U.S., 9; as U.S. marshals, 62–63. See also slaves African sailors and seamen: behavior of, 40–41; confiscation of by smugglers, 66, 124–25, 139; enforcement of Abolition Act and, 16; English impressments of, 37–38; escape from slavery, 39–41; housing of...