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273 Notes CHAPTER 1 1. Jacobs and Gerson (2004), 35. 2. Recent survey data from Lawrence Mishel (2013) also confirms that there is a time divide across class, with those at the bottom of the income distribution struggling to work enough hours to get by. Above that threshold, however, as Mishel shows, people at the top work fewer hours than those at the middle or above. In our mail survey of people in the four occupations, only the lowincome nursing assistants said they were eager for more hours. Workingclass EMTs, however, because they were more likely to take second jobs, reported fractionally more hours than doctors did, and nursing assistants worked as much as nurses—a finding we develop in the coming chapters. 3. As we discuss in the next chapter, race also matters, but race is less important to this study because in the area of the country we studied, three out of the four occupations were overwhelmingly white; only nursing assistants included a substantial number of people of color. 4. On schedule unpredictability in low-wage jobs, see Henly, Shaefer, and Waxman (2006), Lambert (2012), Lambert, Haley-Lock, and Henly (2012), and Watson and Swanberg (2011). 5. See, for example, Lyness et al. (2012). 6. Milkman (2009). 7. Stone (2007). 8. Or at least a white professional woman’s job. As discussed later, there is a contrasting policy for nursing assistants, most of whom are people of color and almost none of whom are college graduates. 9. On gendered-male schedule practices, see Acker (1990). 10. Hochschild (1997). 11. Although heart attacks are likely to happen more often and at earlier ages in low-wage workers (Marmot 2005). 12. Appelbaum et al. (2003) and Gordon (2006b). 274 Notes 13. All names used are pseudonyms. On occasion we have altered minor details to help preserve informant confidentiality. 14. Perlow (2012). 15. Steven Greenhouse, “A Part-Time Life, as Hours Shrink and Shift,” New York Times, October 28, 2012. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28 /business/a-part-time-life-as-hours-shrink-and-shift-for-american-workers .html (accessed May 15, 2014). 16. Jacobs and Gerson (2004). Americans work many more hours than Western Europeans—an average of 1,787 hours a year, which is 200, 300, and even 400 hours a year more than in some Western European countries. The difference amounts to what would be five to ten weeks a year of additional vacation. The book that revived interest in this issue was Juliet Schor’s The Overworked American (1992), in which she argued that over the previous two decades working hours in the United States had increased and the compulsive commitment to jobs and the conspicuous consumption it allowed led Americans to work longer than people in other nations. According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 2012), however, U.S. (paid) work hours are not the longest in the world and in fact are only about average for the (mostly) affluent countries of the OECD. 17. Tim Kreider, “The ‘Busy’ Trap,” New York Times, July 1, 2012. Available at: http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/30/the-busy-trap (accessed May 15, 2014). 18. Zerubavel (1979), 106. See also Zerubavel (1981). 19. Stone (2007), Ryan and Kossek (2008), and Lambert and Henly (2012). CHAPTER 2 1. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (2012). 2. Reis (2012). 3. McKinlay and Marceau (2002), Mechanic (2006), Relman (2007), Joyce (2008), and Gawande (2009). 4. See website figure 2.1 for the national data at https://www.russellsage.org/ publications/unequal-time. 5. See website table 2.1 for a comparison of data for our area to national data. 6. See website table 2.2 footnote for response rates for each occupation. 7. See website table 2.2 for data on the number of people interviewed in each occupation by gender and organization. 8. See website table 2.2 for the distribution of interviews by source, occupation, organization, gender, and race. 9. The two of us did most of the observations and interviews ourselves. Graduate students did the main observations at the EMT sites and at one of the [54.224.52.210] Project MUSE (2024-03-30 06:02 GMT) Notes 275 doctors’ offices and did observations at one of the nursing homes where we also observed. 10. There were eight local hospitals excluding those with restricted admission, such as veterans’ and soldiers’ hospitals. 11. Zerubavel (1979). 12. For comparisons of men and...