Beyond Discrimination: Racial Inequality in a Post-Racist Era

Tables and Figures

vii vii Tables and Figures Table 1A.1 Black-White Gap in Democratic Vote for President, Selected States, 2004 and 2008 61 Table 1A.2 White-Black Gap in Median Income, Selected States, 2000 and 2010 64 Table 1A.3 Black-White Gap in Median Professional-Class Income, Selected States, 2000 and 2010 65 Table 1A.4 White-Black Gap in Median Working-Class Income, Selected States, 2000 and 2010 66 Table 1A.5 Group Presence: Ratio of Percentage of Whites in Professional Class to Percentage of Blacks in Professional Class, Selected States, 2000 and 2010 67 Table 1A.6 Total Income Inequality as Measured by Total Theil Index, Selected States, 2000 and 2010 68 Table 1A.7 Between-Race Theil as Percentage of Total Theil (Percentage of Total Income Inequality Attributable to Black-White Income Disparity), Selected States, 2000 and 2010 69 Table 2.1 American State Responses to the Race Inequity Crises of the 1950s and 1960s 83 Table 3.1 Average Percentage of Black Students Enrolled FullTime at Selective Institutions, by Type of Institution, 1951 to 1998 107 Table 3.2 Black-White Achievement Gap at the Sixth, Ninth, and Twelfth Grades, Fall 1965, by Region 110 Table 3.3 Peer Characteristics in Selected Metropolitan Areas, by Race and Level, Fall 1965 (percentage) 111 viii    Tables and Figures Table 3.4 Black Students Attending Segregated and Highly Segregated Schools, Various Years, 1968 to 2001 (percentage) 125 Table 3.5 Percentage Distribution of Students at Schools of Varying Poverty Levels, by Race, 2005 to 2006 126 Table 3.6 Standardized Measures of the Black-White Achievement Gap in Selected Studies for Selected Grades 129 Figure 1.1 Black-White Ratio in Democratic Vote for President, Selected States, 2004 and 2008 (N=25) 45 Figure 1.2 White-Black Median Income Ratios, Selected States, 2000 and 2010 (N=37) 51 Figure 1.3 White-Black Median Professional-Class Income Ratio, Selected States, 2000 and 2010 (N=37) 52 Figure 1.4 White-Black Median Working-Class Income Ratio, Selected States, 2000 and 2010 (N=37) 53 Figure 1.5 Group Presence: Ratio of Percentage of Whites in Professional Class to Percentage of Blacks in Professional Class, Selected States, 2000 and 2010 (N=37) 55 Figure 1.6 Total Income Inequality as Measured by Total Theil Index, Selected States, 2000 and 2010 (N=37) 57 Figure 1.7 Between-Race Theil as Percentage of Total Theil (Percentage of Total Income Inequality Attributable to Black-White Income Disparity), Selected States, 2000 and 2010 (N=37) 59 Figure 3.1 Black-White Gap in SAT Scores, 1975–1976 to 2007–2008 127 Figure 7.1 Prison Admissions, by Race, 1926 to 1996 (percentage) 218 Figure 7.2 Sentenced Prisoners in State and Federal Prisons, by Race, 1960 to 2008 219 Figure 7.3 Current or Former Felons and Prisoners among the Adult Population (percentage) 221 Figure 7.4 Median Time Served, by Race and Offense, 1964 and 2005 (months) 222 Tables and Figures    ix Figure 7.5 Blacks’ Share of Arrests and Prison Admissions, 1926 to 2006 (percentage) 223 Figure 7.6 State and Local Criminal Justice Expenditures, 1960 to 1979 (millions of dollars) 229 Figure 7.7 State and Local Criminal Justice Employees, 1960 to 1979 230 Figure 7.8 Sentencing Reforms in the States, by Type 231 Figure 7.9 Fathers’ Contact with Welfare State and Criminal Justice System (percentage), 2003 to 2006 243 Figure 10.1 Structural Factors Underlying Vice Product Marketing, Inequality, and Health 320 Figure 10.2 Black-Owned McDonald’s Franchises in Chicago, 2010 324 Figure 10.3 Ramshackle Fast Food Outlets in Brooklyn, 1980s 327 Figure 10.4 Annual Expenditures on Liquor for Home Consumption in Selected New York City Neighborhoods, 2006 331 Figure 10.5 Community Responses to Alcohol Advertising, Brooklyn, 2005 332 Figure 10.6 Outdoor Advertising for Colt 45 Malt Liquor, Harlem, New York City 334 Figure 10.7 Outdoor Advertising for Courvoisier Cognac, Harlem, New York City 336 ...