Why Are So Many Americans in Prison?

Tables and Figures

tAbleS And FigureS Table 1.1 International Comparison of Incarceration Rates Inclusive of Pretrial Detentions and Jail, 2008 to 2011 9 Table 1.2 Characteristics of State and Federal Prisoners, 2004 12 Table 1.3 Point-in-Time Estimates of the Proportion of Prime-Age, Less-Educated Men Incarcerated in 2007, by Race-Ethnicity and Type of Correctional Facility 17 Table 1.4 Proportion of U.S. Adults Who Had Ever Served Time and the Predicted Lifetime Risk of Serving Prison Time by Year of Birth, 1974 and 2001 19 Table 1.5 Annual Expenditures per Prison Inmate, by State, 2005 to 2011 23 Table 2.1 Distribution of Admissions to Prison, by Source of Admission, 2004 36 Table 2.2 Decomposing Prison Admissions Rates for Part-1 Felony Offenses, 1984, 2004, and 2009 41 Table 2.3 Comparison of Drug Arrest Rates, Drug Prison Admissions Rates, and Prison Admissions per Drug Arrest, 1984, 2004, and 2009 43 Table 2.4 Comparison of Expected Value of Time Served, by Crime Type, 1984 and 2004 51 Table 2.5 Contribution to Cross-State Variance in the Overall Incarceration Rate of Incarceration Rates for Specific Offense Categories and the Covariance in Incarceration Rates Across Offense Categories, 2005 56 Table 2.6 Distribution of Federal Prison Inmates, by Most Serious Offense, 2000 and 2010 61 x TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.7 Criminal Suspects Processed by U.S. Attorneys and the Proportion of Criminal Suspects Criminally Prosecuted, by Offense, 1985, 2000, and 2009 63 Table 2.8 Proportion of Suspects Prosecuted in U.S. District Courts Who Are Convicted and Proportion of Those Convicted Who Are Sentenced to Prison, by Offense, 1985, 2000, and 2009 65 Table 2.9 Average Sentence Length (in Months) for Offenders Convicted and Sentenced to Federal Prison, 1985, 2000, and 2009 66 Table 3.1 Actual State Incarceration Rates and Simulated Steady-State Incarceration Rates per 100,000 U.S. Residents, Using 1984 and 2004 Admissions and Time Served Estimates 73 Table 3.2 Actual Crime Rates in 1984 and 2004 and the Counterfactual Crime Rate in 2004, Assuming No Increase in the Incarceration Rate (All Expressed as Reported Incidents per 100,000 U.S. Residents) 75 Table 3.3 Actual Prison Admissions Rates per 100,000 U.S. Residents for 1984 and 2004 and Hypothetical Admissions Rates for 2004, Using 1984 Admissions per Crime and 2004 Crime Rates and 1984 Admissions per Crime and 2004 Counterfactual Crime Rates 76 Table 3.4 Actual Federal Incarceration Rates and Simulated Steady-State Federal Incarceration Rates per 100,000 U.S. Residents, Using 1985 and 2009 Admissions and Time Served Estimates 83 Table 3A.1 Transition Probabilities Describing Movements Between the Incarcerated, the Non-Incarcerated, and the Parole and Probation Populations 91 Table 5.1 Lifetime Prevalence of Mental Illness Among Prison and Jail Inmates and the General Population 127 Table 5.2 Characteristics of State Prison Inmates by Whether They Indicate Having Been Diagnosed with a Mental Illness, 2004 129 Table 5.3 Characteristics of Federal Prison Inmates by Whether They Indicate Having Been Diagnosed with a Mental Illness, 2004 131 Table 5.4 Characteristics of Jail Inmates by Whether They Indicate Having Been Diagnosed with a Mental Illness, 2002 132 TABLES AND FIGURES xi Table 5.5 Distribution of Institutional and Non-Institutional Populations Across Age Groups, Race-Ethnicity Groups, and Gender, 1950 to 1980 134 Table 5.6 Institutionalization and Incarceration Rates per 100,000 U.S. Residents by Race-Ethnicity and Gender, Actual (1980 and 2000) and Hypothetical, Assuming Complete Mental Hospital Deinstitutionalization Since 1980 and Alternative Transinstitutionalization Rates Between Mental Hospitals and Prisons 145 Table 6.1 Institutionalized U.S. Males Age Eighteen to SixtyFive , by Race-Ethnicity, Age, Education, and Nativity, 1980 and 2010 166 Table 6.2 The Adult Male U.S. Population in 1980 and 2010 168 Table 6.3 Actual Institutionalization Rates for Men Age Eighteen to Sixty-Five for 1980 and 2010 and Hypothetical Institutionalization Rates for Each Year Assuming the Demographic Distribution from the Other Year 171 Table 6.4 Estimates of the Effect of Changes in Earnings Opportunities on Male Incarceration (Jail and Prison Combined) Rates 179 Table 6.5 Proportion of Black and White Adults Age Eighteen to Fifty-Four, Employed at the Time of the Census, by Race, Gender, and Educational Attainment, 1950 to 2008 181 Table 6.6 Estimated Marginal Effects of Variation...