Immigration, Poverty, and Socioeconomic Inequality

Tables and Figures

/ vii Tables and Figures Table 1.1 Distribution of the U.S. Resident Population 4 Table 1.2 Poverty Rates Among Immigrants 6 Table 1.3 Decomposition of Changes in National Poverty Rates 7 Table 1.4 Immigrant Poverty Rates by Census and Arrival Years 14 Table 1.5 Immigrant Poverty Rates by Region of Origin 15 Table 2.1 Parameter Range in Simulations 33 Table 2.2 National Immigration Rates 35 Table 2.3 Adult Poverty Rates Among U.S. Born 36 Table 2.4 Imputed Effect of Immigrants on Poverty Rates and Actual Rate Changes 44 Table 2.A1 Federal Poverty Thresholds for Pre-Transfer Family Income, 1999 54 Table 2.A2 Immigration Rates in Top Immigration States 55 Table 2.A3 Immigration Rates in Top Immigration MSAs 56 Table 3.1 English-Speaking Ability 63 Table 3.2 Mean Wages and Poverty Rates 68 Table 3.3 Language Skills and Wage Gaps 69 Table 3.4 Regression Data Descriptive Statistics 74 Table 3.5 Immigrant Relative Wage Response by English Skills 76 Table 3.6 Immigrant Relative Wages and Language 80 Table 3.7 Aggregate Estimates, 1970–2000 85 Table 3.A1 Spanish-Speaking at Home 90 Table 3.A2 National Immigrant Arrivals 90 Table 3.A3 Instrumental Variables Estimates 91 Table 4.1 Dissimilarity, Immigrants and Whites, Region 104 Table 4.2 Dissimilarity, Immigrants and Whites, Age of Housing 113 Table 4.3 Dissimilarity, Mutually Exclusive Groups, Region 116 Table 4.4 Dissimilarity, Immigrants and Blacks, Region 117 Table 4.5 Immigrant and Black Segregation 118 Table 4.6 English-Language Difficulty and Immigrant Segregation 122 Table 4.7 Immigrant Poverty and Segregation 126 Table 4.A1 Means for MSA Independent Variables 127 Table 5.1 Gateway Classification 141 Table 5.2 Distribution of Populations 143 Table 5.3 Foreign-Born Share of Poor Population 146 Table 5.4 Native- and Foreign-Born Poverty Rates 147 Table 5.5 Counterfactual Change in Overall U.S. Poverty Rate 160 Table 6.1 Sending and Receiving Starting Points 181 Table 6.2 Age-Adjusted Poverty Rates 184 Table 6.3 High School and College Completion 185 Table 6.4 Mean Occupational Status Scores 187 Tables and Figures viii / viii / Table 6.5 Descriptive Statistics, Los Angeles 2004 190 Table 6.6 Parental Education and Completed Schooling, Los Angeles 2004 192 Table 6.7 Generation, Prestige, and Status, and Completed Schooling, Los Angeles 2004 195 Table 6.8 Occupational Prestige, Los Angeles 2004 197 Table 6.9 Generation, Education, and Status, and Occupational Prestige, Los Angeles 2004 199 Table 7.1 Selected Characteristics of Los Angeles’ New Second Generation 213 Table 7.2 Divergent Outcomes of Los Angeles’ New Second Generation 214 Table 10.1 Estimated Impact of LAWA, Wage-Salary Employment 297 Table 10.2 Estimated Impact of LAWA, Self-Employment 300 Table 10.3 Sensitivity of Estimated Impact of LAWA, Hispanic Noncitizen Men with High School or Less 303 Table 10.4 Descriptive Statistics, Hispanic Noncitizens Residing in Arizona Before and/or After LAWA 305 Table 10.5 Industrial and Occupational Distributions, Low-Skilled SelfEmployed Hispanic Noncitizen Men 309 Table 10.6 Descriptive Statistics, Low-Skilled Hispanic Men 310 Table 11.1 Expenditures and Participation in Cash or Near-Cash Safety Net Programs 318 Table 11.2 Federal Laws Regarding Immigrant Eligibility for Federal Safety Net Programs 322 Table 11.3 Characteristics of Households with Children, by Immigrant Status of Head of Household 329 Table 11.4 Household Safety Net Participation, for Immigrant-Headed Households with Children with Income Less than 200 Percent of Poverty 341 Table 11.5 Poverty Rates for Immigrant-Headed Households with Children 353 Table 11.6 Impact of State Unemployment Rates on State Child Poverty Rates, 2007–2009 360 Table 11.A1 Immigrant Eligibility, State TANF 363 Table 11.A2 Immigrant Eligibility, State Medicaid 366 Table 11.A3 Immigrant Eligibility, State SCHIP 368 Table 11.A4 Immigrant Eligibility, State SSI 370 Table 11.A5 Immigrant Eligibility, State Food Stamps 372 Table 12.1 Attitudes Toward Taxes and Spending, California Residents, 2010–2012 384 Table 12.2 Correlation Matrix of Main Independent Variables 397 Table 12.3 Total Income Maintenance Transfer Models, 1965–2008 400 Table 12.4 Total Income Maintenance Transfer Models, Comparative, 1965–2008 400 Table 12.5 AFDC-TANF Spending Models, 1973–2008 401 Table 12.6 AFDC-TANF Spending Models, Comparative, 1973–2008 402 Table 12.7 Maximum AFDC-TANF Benefit Models, 1968–2008 403 Table 12.8 Maximum...