The Biological Consequences of Socioeconomic Inequalities

List of Tables and Figures

vii list of Tables and figures Table 1.1 Disparities in health by socioeconomic status 16 Table 2.1 major Physiological systems and corresponding Biomarkers 41 Table 2.2 clinical high-Risk criteria for commonly used Biomarkers 51 Table 5.1 characteristics of caRDia Participants 136 Table 5.2 socioeconomic indicators, 1992 to 1993 138 Table 5.3 log income, 1992 to 2006 144 Table 5.4 Random-effect, fixed-effect, and long-Difference models 148 Table 5.5 models Run with alternative categorizations of outcome Variables, odds Ratios 151 Table 5.6 models Run with alternative categorizations of income exposure Variables 152 Table 7.1 Demographic summary 193 Table 7.2 attrition by income 194 Table 7.3 summary statistics for Brain Regions of interest 194 Table 7.4 model estimates for association Between ses measures and Brain Regions of interest 207 figure P .1 interdisciplinary schematic xv figure 1.1 The income-health Relationship 2 figure 1.2 marginal effects on income Dummy Variables, children, fair or Poor health 5 figure 1.3 marginal effects on income Dummy Variables, children, school absence Ten Days or longer 5 figure 1.4 marginal effects on income Dummy Variables, children, limitation on activity 6 viii list of Tables and figures figure 1.5 marginal effects on income Dummy Variables, children, hospital stay 6 figure 1.6 marginal effects on income Dummy Variables, children, emergency Room Visit 7 figure 1.7 marginal effects on income Dummy Variables, children, injury or Poisoning 7 figure 1.8 marginal effects on income Dummy Variables, children, asthma 8 figure 1.9 marginal effects on income Dummy Variables, adults, fair or Poor health 10 figure 1.10 marginal effects on income Dummy Variables, adults, mental health Days 10 figure 1.11 marginal effects on income Dummy Variables, adults, Bad Physical health Days 11 figure 1.12 marginal effects on income Dummy Variables, adults, current smoker 11 figure 1.13 marginal effects on income Dummy Variables, adults, obese 12 figure 1.14 marginal effects on income Dummy Variables, adults, overweight 12 figure 1.15 marginal effects on income Dummy Variables, adults, no exercise 13 figure 1.16 marginal effects on income Dummy Variables, adults, ages eighteen to seventy-four, limited fruits and Vegetables 13 figure 1.17 odds Ratio for income Variables, adults 15 figure 1.18 marginal effects of household income, australian adults, fair or Poor health 17 figure 1.19 marginal effects of household income, australian adults, Psychological Distress Risk 17 figure 1.20 marginal effects of household income, australian adults, long-Term health condition 18 figure 1.21 odds Ratio of general Physical health measures, europe 18 figure 1.22 odds Ratio of self-Perceived health, europe 19 figure 2.1 adjusted seven-Year all-cause mortality odds 50 figure 2.2 all-cause mortality Rate in Those Younger than sixty-five Years old 52 figure 2.3 all-cause mortality Rate in Those sixty-five Years old or older 53 figure 3.1 conceptual model of ses and health links 65 figure 3.2 auc cortisol area as function of quintile of seP 70 list of Tables and figures ix figure 3.3 mean overnight norepinephrine levels 73 figure 3.4 marginal effects, c-Reactive Protein 84 figure 3.5 marginal effects, glycated hemoglobin levels 84 figure 3.6 marginal effects, Total cholesterol 85 figure 3.7 marginal effects, high-Density lipoprotein 85 figure 3.8 marginal effects, Waist-to-hip Ratio 86 figure 3.9 marginal effects, systolic Blood Pressure 86 figure 3.10 marginal effects, Diastolic Blood Pressure 87 figure 3.11 marginal effects, Resting Pulse 87 figure 3.12 Regression coefficients, allostatic load 88 figure 4.1 ses and inflammatory Responses 111 figure 4.2 model: ses effects and clinical health outcomes 117 figure 5.1 metabolic syndrome score versus Bmi 137 figure 5.2 income change Between exams, men 140 figure 5.3 income change Between exams, Women 141 figure 5.4 income change Between exams, men Without marital change 142 figure 5.5 income change Between exams, Women Without marital change 143 figure 5.6 first Difference nonlinear models, 1992 to 2005 146 figure 6.1 four Basic lobes of the Brain 160 figure 6.2 five neurocognitive systems of interest 162 figure 7.1 axial Brain slice 195 figure 7.2 sagittal Brain slice 196 figure 7.3 association Between hippocampal Volume and family income 197...