Choosing Ethnicity, Negotiating Race: Korean Adoptees in America

Index

INDEX acknowledgment of difference family strategy, 50–56, 62–63, 66, 147, 149–50 adolescence: adoption agency support services, 152; struggles in, 2. See also childhood experiences adoption: “clean break” model of, 11; cultural differences in attitudes toward, 87–88, 108; domestic adoptions , 23–25, 26, 27–29, 33–38, 35; open adoptions, 43; social acceptance of, 21. See also international adoptions ; transracial adoptions adoption agencies: ethnic exploration programs, 152; Holt International Children’s Services, 15–16, 21–25, 30, 102, 106; post-placement support programs for parents, 149–50 adoption day celebrations, 51 Adoption in a Color-Blind Society (Quiroz), 27 adoptive parents: attention-seeking behavior, 31–33, 54; communication with children, 44–47, 49–50, 51, 84, 148–49; country or program preferences of prospective parents, 1, 21, 27, 28–38, 146; past research focus, 12–13; post-placement support programs for, 149–50; prejudice of, 34, 47–48; recommendations for supporting identity exploration, 148–52; unresolved issues of, 44–47. See also difference within family strategy adult identity exploration. See early adulthood identity exploration; later adulthood identity exploration African adoptees, 143, 152–53 African Americans: consideration for adoption by parents of Korean adoptees, 33–38; transracial adoption controversy, 23–25, 26, 27–28, 35 alienation, 126 Alstein, Howard, 4, 8 American identity, 114, 115–20, 129–31 American Indians, 24 Boldface numbers refer to figures and tables. 206 INDEX Anagnost, Ann, 57 Andresen, Inger-Lise Kvifte, 7 antimiscegenation laws, 22 arrival anniversary celebrations, 51 Asia, ethnic explorations in, 85–87 Asian adoptions and adoptees: interactions with Asian Americans, 79–82, 91–93, 105–6, 151; interactions with other Asian adoptees, 154; racial and ethnic identity of, 8–9; social acceptance of, 142–43. See also Chinese adoptions and adoptees; Korean adoptions Asian American identity, 126–28, 130, 133–34, 145 Asian American non-adoptees: adoptees’ interactions with, 79–82, 91–93, 105–6, 151; Asian Immigrants in White Families Project participation, 16–18; cultural heritage exploration, 93–95; experiences vs. Korean adoptees, 144–46; as model minority, 27, 28, 39, 141; non-exploration conditions , 102–3; racial and ethnic identity , 5–6, 140; social acceptance by whites, 143–44; social networks, 106. See also Chinese American non-adoptees Asian businesses, employment in, 78–79, 84 Asian Immigrants in White Families Project: interview questionnaire, 164–78; overview of, 13–18; sample characteristics, 156–64 assimilation, 33, 115–16 attachment, 45, 47 attention-seeking adoptive parents, 31–33, 54 aversions to ethnic exploration, 99–100, 102–3 Baden, Amanda, 8, 9 Barth, Richard, 7, 8 belonging, 68–69, 117, 129–30, 149, 154 Benson, Peter, 8–9 biculturalism, 116, 124, 132–33, 148 biracial Americans: early Korean adoptees, 26, 147; ethnic exploration, 104, 129; racial-ethnic identification of non-adoptees, 135; study participants, 16, 147 birth parents, 29, 45–46, 51 black adoptees: from Africa, 143, 152–53; domestic adoptions, 23–25, 26, 27–29, 33–38, 35 “blending in,” 85, 87–90, 94 border patrol experiences, 117–18 Brodzinsky, David, 52 Brooks, Devon, 7, 8 bullying experiences: and ethnic identity labels, 126–27; and identity exploration , 1–2, 62–63; parents’ handling of, 1–2, 49–50, 52–54, 149 Capodilupo, Christina, 141 Carstens, Carol, 8 Caudill, Pamela, 8, 10 Cederblad, Marianne, 7–8 “child choice” cultural socialization strategy, 83–84 childhood experiences, 40–66; Asian Immigrants in White Families INDEX 207 Project questionnaire, 14; conclusions , 64–66; dysfunctional families, 49, 77; ethnic culture experiences, 56–60; ethnic exploration impact, 77; identity formation, 1–2, 60–64; introduction, 40–41; race, 41, 43, 47–50, 52–54, 56, 149–50. See also bullying experiences; difference within family strategy Chinese adoptions and adoptees: birth mothers’ circumstances, 29; by Chinese Americans, 108–9; ethnic exploration, 64; future research needs, 152; research findings, 11, 64; trends, 4, 26, 142 Chinese American non-adoptees: adoption from China, 108–9; ethnic exploration, 94–95, 110–11; ethnic identification, 135 Choy, C. C., 25 civil rights movement, 20 Clark, E. Audrey, 8 “clean break” model of adoption, 11 Cohen, Joyce C., 8, 50 cohort differences, 54–56, 146 Cold War, 25–26 college students: categorization of, 73; ethnic exploration, 70, 78–79, 80–85, 90–95, 117; ethnic student organizations, 91–93; study-abroad programs, 93–95. See also early adulthood identity exploration colorblindness, 24–25, 41, 47–48, 143 communication, of adoptees with adoptive parents: and “child choice” cultural...