Imprisoning America: The Social Effects of Mass Incarceration

Index

Index Boldface numbers refer to figures and tables. adoption agencies, 99–100. See also fos- ents as prisoners, 9–10, 257; political attitudes, 190, 194; prior incarcerter and agency child care African Americans. See blacks ation status biases, 28; prisoner contacts with children, 11; in substiage : and desistance from crime, 46– 47, 250; and fatherhood issues for tute child care arrangements, 116, 120, 123; women’s role in family, 21 youth, 59–60; and fragility of adolescent relationships, 81–82; incarcera- Boston, Massachusetts, employer hiring attitudes, 212, 213–15, 216 tion challenges for juveniles, 76–78, 92; incarceration effects on parental Bowlby, John, 98 boyfriends, dealing with mother’s new, bond, 40; and incarceration rates, 6, 7; and turning point lessons, 67 62–63, 86–89 Bursik, Robert, 138 agency care. See foster and agency child care Bush, George W., 188 Bushway, Shawn, 207 alcoholism and developmental risk factors, 106. See also substance business cycle and demand for former offenders, 229–32, 240n17 abuse Anderson, Elijah, 81–82 arrested vs. incarcerated individuals, child abuse, 93–94, 106, 117, 118, 119 child development: incarceration ef174 , 175, 176, 208 Atlanta, Georgia, employer hiring atti- fects, 98, 102–7, 123, 124; mental and emotional health problems, tudes, 212, 213–15, 216 attachment theory, 98–100, 124 105–6, 117, 122; multiple risk factor analysis, 104–5 child support payments, 73n1, 92, birth rates, ethnic disparities in, 78 blacks: birth rate comparison, 78; and 241n27 child welfare systems. See foster and disenfranchisement effect, 165, 198n2; employment issues for, 46, agency child care children: attendance of fathers at birth 227–28, 239n11, 259; and gender antagonisms, 81–82; incarceration of, 48, 60; parental incarceration rates, 9–11; and reentry perspective, 256– rates, 4, 5–6; and juvenile incarceration , 77–78; marital-cohabitation 58, 261. See also living arrangements for children; parents; paroled fathers rates, 8–9, 25, 26; parental bonds and incarceration, 36–37, 39, 63; par- and children; turning points study 270 Index class, socioeconomic, 1–2, 21, 190, 194. See also desistance from crime; drug addiction criminality See also poverty Clear, Todd, 137, 138–39, 158 customer contact and former offender employability, 216, 219, 220, 223, coercion, definitional issues, 159–60 cohabitation: incarceration effects, 32, 226, 236 33–34, 35–37, 38, 39–43; racial disparities in, 25, 26 Danziger, Sheldon, 81 Darity, William, 136 collective efficacy, 137 communities: definition, 15; overview democracy, effects of offender disenfranchisement on, 167 of prison effects, 4–5; postrelease policy issues, 263–64. See also em- Democratic Party, 190–91, 194 demographics: and family instability, ployers; informal social control; neighborhoods; voting rights 21–22; of former offender population , 206; historical developments in community organization. See informal social control incarceration, 5–6; incarceration effects on marriage-cohabitation, 33; community solidarity: crime rate effects , 154–55, 158; definition, 139– and living arrangements for children , 114–15, 122; overview, 1; and 40; incarceration effects, 149, 152; variable description, 143 political participation differences, 175, 177. See also age; education; concentration factor, geographic, 144– 45, 235, 236, 252–53, 260 racial disparities desistance from crime: and age, 46– construction sector and hiring attitudes , 217, 224 47, 250; fatherhood’s role in, 53–56, 64–65, 72; incarceration’s role in, contact with children, prisoner. See visitation , family 67–70, 71–72; marriage’s role in, 22, 42, 46–47; and social bonds, corrections vs. sentencing policies, 254–55 48 determinate sentencing laws, 255 crime levels: and community disorganization , 138, 140, 152, 153–55, 157– deterrence, criminal, 13, 135. See also desistance from crime; informal 59; and incarceration effects, 42, 93, 135–36, 137; index crime rate, 150– social control Detroit, Michigan, employer hiring 51; in informal social control study, 143; penal system contribution to, 5. attitudes, 212, 213–15, 216 discrimination by employers, 208, 227, See also criminality; desistance from crime 228–29, 236, 237 disenfranchisement of prisoners. See criminal history records: availability of, 207–8, 214–15, 228–29, 238n4; voting rights distrust of government, 168, 171, 174, employers’ use for hiring decisions, 212–14, 220, 221–22, 223, 224–26, 184–88, 194 divorce, 8, 21, 23 226–28, 239n9 criminal justice system: effects of domestic violence: child abuse, 93–94, 106, 117, 118, 119; and parental growth in, 1–5; offenders’ attitudes, 171, 187–88; policy from reentry per- bonds, 84; and policy coordination for prisoner reentry, 258; sexual spective, 263–64. See also incarceration abuse, 106, 117, 261 Dozier, Mary, 99 criminality: economic need-based, 57– 58, 64...