The Diversity Paradox: Immigration and the Color Line in Twenty-First Century America

Index

~ Index ~ Boldface numbers refer to figures and tables. ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), 86 ACS (American Community Survey), 5, 87, 162, 195, 202–3. See also geography of ethnoracial diversity affirmative action, 27, 191, 192–93 African Americans. See blacks Alba, Richard, 9, 18, 32 Allport, Gordon, 159 AMEA (Association for MultiEthnic Americans), 46–47 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 86 American Community Survey (ACS), 5, 87, 162, 195, 202–3. See also geography of ethnoracial diversity American Indian multiracials, identity choice for, 162 American Indians, 43–44, 58–59, 62–63 Americanization, early 20th century, 8. See also incorporation of immigrants Anglo-Saxons, American, discrimination by, 24. See also whites Arend, Patricia, 188 Asian and Pacific Islander census category, 41–42, 58–59, 62–63, 65–71, 87 Asian interracial couples: and children ’s ethnoracial identification, 101, 104–8, 111, 119; social constructions of, 90, 91–94, 95–98, 99 Asian multiracials: Asian-black identity issues, 118, 151; children’s identities, 101, 104–8, 111, 119; claiming ethnic culture, 143–46; cultural contributions to identity, 113–15, 116–17; flexibility of identity, 184; language issue, 117–19; and minority group status advantages, 150–51; selfidentification of, 51, 52, 103–8; situational ethnic identities, 153; symbolic ethnic identities, 140–42, 143–46, 152–53 Asians: attitudes toward blacks, 30; and boundary erosion, 18, 24–25, 176; as census category, 41–42; cultural contributions to identity, 113–15, 116–17, 183–84; gender patterns in exogamy, 111–12; geographic 226 Index distribution of, 58–59, 62–63; historical discrimination against, 24; immigration rates, 8, 12, 56, 196; and intermarriage, 65–71, 85, 86, 87, 88, 183–84, 197; interracial couples’ willingness to be interviewed, 201–2; minority group status for, 31, 42, 139; nonblackness vs. whiteness, 19; nonwhite vs. white status for, 24–25, 27, 30–31, 41–42, 138–39; population levels of, 55, 57 assimilation, defined, 85. See also incorporation of immigrants Association for Multi-Ethnic Americans (AMEA), 46–47 Barth, Fredrik, 137 Bhagat Singh Thing, United States v., 25–26 black advocacy groups’ objections to multiracial census category, 47 black exceptionalism, 19, 29–33, 93–96, 162, 183–85, 199 black immigrants, persistence of color line for, 31–32, 40 black interracial couples: and multiracial children’s identities, 101, 105, 108–10, 120; reluctance to be interviewed, 201–2; social constructions of, 90, 94 black multiracials: Asian-black identity issues, 118, 151; children’s identification, 98, 101, 103, 105, 108–10, 120; and cultural aspects of identity, 146; ethnic community attitudes toward, 116–17; heterogeneity by class and age, 187–88; identity rigidity of, 184; Latino-black, 151, 191; racial disconnect for observers of, 109; self-identification vs. other groups, 31, 38–39, 78, 176–77, 182–86 black-nonblack color line: and complexities of social distance, 185; emerging of, 18–19, 196, 197; and intermarriage challenges, 93–98; and multiracials’ identification , 98, 108–10; persistence in populous states, 191; theoretical perspective, 29–33 blacks: and boundary erosion, 18, 178, 184–85; as census category, 37–40, 43, 52; class differences among, 187–88; “collective blacks” category, 28; cultural factors in intermarriage and multiracial status, 89, 93–98, 99, 116–17; gender patterns in exogamy, 111–13; geographic distribution of, 58–59, 62–63; group-threat factor for, 160, 166, 173, 176–77; historical discrimination , 24; as historically lowest racial status, 26; and intermarriage, 31, 65–71, 87, 87–88, 89, 93–98, 99, 100, 111–13, 182–86; and involuntary vs. voluntary immigration , 13; and minority group status advantages, 147–49, 151, 192–93; nonwhite vs. black category , 138; one-drop (hypodescent) rule for, 39–40, 138; other groups’ persistent prejudices, 29–30, 40–41, 91–98; persistence of nonwhite status for, 32; population levels of, 57; racial disloyalty issue for, 89, 94–95, 110; residential segregation vs. other groups, 31 black-white color line: ascertaining transformation of, 17; census’s role in reinforcing, 37–40; and diversity paradox, 181, 182–86; historical perspective, 6–8; immi- Index 227 gration’s impact on, 11–14, 60; persistence of, 78, 87–88; potential for erosion of, 3–4, 9, 188; slavery’s legacy for, 7–8, 37; 20th-century salience of, 6; white need for blackness to contrast with, 32 “black-white” states, 60 Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo, 28 Borjas, George, 27 boundary dissolution or erosion: Asians’ role in, 18, 24–25, 176; blacks vs. other groups...