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Appendix B Details of Methodologies C omparing two ethnic groups in the four cities quickly convinced me of the need to use more than one methodology. Ever since the formation of quantitative and qualitative camps in the 1950s, some social scientists have advocated using multiple methods to achieve “mutual validation” (Vidich and Shapiro 1955, 30) through “a triangulation of measurement processes” (Webb et al. 1966/1981, 35). Advantages of this approach include maximizing the efficiency of each method (Zelditch 1962), compensating for the limitations inherent in any single method (Campbell and Fiske 1959; Denzin 1970), and actually integrating diverse methods to produce a new methodology (Sieber 1973). Several different models exist for combining quantitative and qualitative methods (Axinn, Fricke, and Thornton 1991; Louis 1982; Pearce 2002). I follow the multimethod, multisite research model called an ethnosurvey (Massey 1987; Massey and Zenteno 2000). My ethnosurvey of Cambodians in Chicago and Rochester, Minnesota, and the Hmong in Milwaukee and Eau Claire, Wisconsin, began in 1996 and ended in 1999. I first examined archival sources to determine how Cambodian and Hmong refugees arrived in each research site and the patterns of race and ethnic relations that unfolded with their settlement. I then used a standardized survey to obtain identical statistics on the refugees in each place. After the survey I conducted semistructured follow-up interviews with survey respondents to obtain qualitative data. Finally, I organized peer-group conversations in each city with new participants in order to have multilevel qualitative data. The resulting database provides the in-depth historical information necessary to understand the social structure of particular places. It also provides the quantitative data necessary to statistically test whether ethnicity, urban locale, and other factors are significantly correlated with a range of immigrant adaptation outcomes. Finally, the database contains the qualitative data necessary to explain these correlations and to allow Cambodian and Hmong refugees to use their own words to express their experiences with American diversity. 253 Archival Sources An ethnosurvey typically employs ethnography and fieldwork to document the social structure of each research site (Massey 1987). Given the historical dimension of Cambodian and Hmong refugees’ resettlement in the upper Midwest from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s, I turned to contemporaneous newspaper articles for information about the four cities. At the time of my research, the on-line database of theEau Claire LeaderTelegram included articles dating back to 1991; the Rochester Post-Bulletin database contained articles dating back to 1990. The on-line database for the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel only went back to 1999.1 I pursued several strategies for procuring earlier newspaper coverage of Cambodians and the Hmong in these three cities. In Eau Claire and Rochester I went to the office of the local newspaper to read relevant clipping files from the 1970s and 1980s. At the Eau Claire Leader-Telegram this was a single file named “Hmong.” At the Rochester Post-Bulletin I read a series of files labeled “Refugees—Asia,” “Refugees— Southeast Asia,” and so on for “Cambodia,” “Hmong,” “Laos,” and “Vietnam.” The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel’s clipping files are not open to the public , but with the help of a reporter I obtained copies of the articles indexed under the heading Hmong; most of them were published during the mid-1980s through the early 1990s. I also located a subject index for the Milwaukee Journal for the years 1976 (produced by the Bell & Howell Company Indexing Center) and for 1979 to 1980 (produced by the Indexing Software Group) in the Special Collections Department of the library at the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire. At the main branch of the Milwaukee Public Library I found other newspaper articles in the clipping file “Hmong in Wisconsin” and “Vietnamese in Wisconsin.” Various neighborhood-history files at the library contained additional newspaper articles, as well as some very valuable secondary sources. Perhaps my most important archival discovery was at the reference section of the library at the University of Wisconsin–Whitewater, where I located a CD-ROM of indexed Milwaukee Journal Sentinel articles from 1990 to 1998. A search of the Chicago Tribune and Chicago Sun-Times websites produced very few articles on Cambodians in the city, which is not surprising , given that they number only 5,000 out of a total population of 2 million. Fortunately, I had done fieldwork and participant observation in the Cambodian community in Uptown for a previous study (Hein 1995), and also located an excellent secondary source on the topic (Hansen...

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